Riada American School

Knows factors that can impact the Earth’s climate (e.g., changes in the composition of the atmosphere; changes in ocean temperature; geological shifts such as meteor impacts, the advance or retreat of glaciers, or a series of volcanic eruptions) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,95;DI,9.3.4;IB2I,27;IBEI,21;N2I,93;NEE,35;NSE,82;PE,84;SE,161;TE,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Seasons, weather, and climate

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. climate change
B. atmospheric composition
C. change in ocean temperature
D. geological shift
E. meteor impact
F. glacial movement
G. effect of volcanoes on climate

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that volcanic eruptions can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

Knows that changes in atmospheric composition can have an impact on the Earth’s climate P

Knows that changes in ocean temperatures can have an impact on the Earth’s climate A P

Knows that geological shifts can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

Knows that meteors can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

Knows that the advance of glaciers can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

Knows that the retreat of glaciers can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,69;CAI,112;IB2I,27;IBEE,42,45;N2I,93;NSE,76;SE,160;TI,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how the tilt of the Earth’s axis and the Earth’s revolution around the Sun affect seasons and weather patterns (i.e., heat falls more intensely on one part or another of the Earth’s surface during its revolution around the Sun) A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Seasons, weather, and climate; 2. Motion of the Earth and Moon

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. tilt of the Earth’s axis
B. Earth’s revolution
C. cause of seasons
D. weather patterns
E. heat intensity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how the tilt of the Earth’s axis affects the seasons A P

Knows how the tilt of the Earth’s axis affects weather patterns P

Knows how the Earth’s revolution around the Sun affects the seasons P

Knows how the Earth’s revolution around the Sun affects weather patterns A

Knows that heat falls more intensely on a specific part of the Earth’s surface during its revolution around the Sun A P

McREL Activity(s)

Knows ways in which clouds affect weather and climate (e.g., precipitation, reflection of light from the Sun, retention of heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,69;IB2E,27;N2I,93;NSE,82;PE,89;SE,161;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Seasons, weather, and climate

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Knows ways in which clouds affect weather and climate (e.g., precipitation, reflection of light from the Sun, retention of heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface)

Vocabulary terms
A. effect of clouds on weather
B. effect of clouds on climate
C. sunlight reflection
D. heat retention
E. heat emission

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that clouds affect weather

Knows that clouds affect climate

Knows that clouds affect weather by reflecting light from the Sun

Knows that clouds affect weather through precipitation A

Knows that clouds affect weather through the retention of heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface

Knows that clouds affect climate through precipitation

Knows that clouds affect the climate by reflecting light from the Sun

Knows that clouds affect climate through the retention of heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,96;IB2I,27;NSI,82;PI,80;SE,160;TI,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that most of Earth’s surface is covered by water, that most of that water is salt water in oceans, and that fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, underground sources, and glaciers A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Water in the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Knows that most of Earth’s surface is covered by water, that most of that water is salt water in oceans, and that fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, underground sources, and glaciers

Vocabulary terms
A. water on Earth’s surface
B. fresh water
C. salt water
D. ocean
E. body of water
F. ground water
G. glacier

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fresh water is found in glaciers A

Knows that most of the Earth’s surface is water A

Knows that most of the Earth’s water is salt water in oceans A

Knows that fresh water is found in rivers

Knows that fresh water is found in lakes

Knows that fresh water is found in underground sources

McREL Activity(s)

Layering Water

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,73;IB1E,1.4;NSE,83;OLE,1a,1e,1g;TE,51,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows how winds and ocean currents are produced on the Earth’s surface (e.g., effects of unequal heating of the Earth’s land masses, oceans, and air by the Sun; effects of gravitational forces acting on layers of different temperatures and densities in the oceans and air; effects of the rotation of the Earth)

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Earth’s atmosphere; 2. Water in the Earth system

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. cause of wind patterns
B. cause of ocean currents
C. unequal heating of Earth
D. effect of gravity on ocean layers
E. effect of gravity on atmospheric layers
F. effects of rotation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how winds are produced on the Earth’s surface

Knows how ocean currents are produced on the Earth’s surface

Knows how the unequal heating of the Earth’s land masses by the Sun affects the winds and ocean currents

Knows how the unequal heating of the Earth’s oceans by the Sun affects the winds and ocean currents

Knows how the unequal heating of the Earth’s air by the Sun affects the winds and ocean currents

Knows how gravitational forces acting on layers of different temperatures in the oceans affect the winds and ocean currents

Knows how gravitational forces acting on layers of different temperatures in the air affect the winds and ocean currents

Knows how gravitational forces acting on layers of different densities in the oceans affect the winds and ocean currents

Knows how gravitational forces acting on layers of different densities in the air affect the winds and ocean currents

10.

Knows how the rotation of the Earth affects the winds and ocean currents

Citation Log: BD(2E,70;CAE,74-75;IB2I,27;IBEE,20;N3I,83;NSE,82;OLE,1c;PI,86;SE,189)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands heat and energy transfer in and out of the atmosphere and its involvement in weather and climate (e.g., radiation, conduction, convection/advection)

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Earth’s atmosphere; 2. Energy in the Earth system ; 3. Seasons, weather, and climate

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Understands heat and energy transfer in and out of the atmosphere and its involvement in weather and climate (e.g., radiation, conduction, convection/advection)

Vocabulary terms
A. heat transfer in atmosphere
B. energy transfer in atmosphere
C. radiation
D. conduction
E. convection
F. advection

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that weather involves the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere

Understands that climate involves the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere

Understands that weather involves the transfer of heat in and out of the atmosphere

Understands that climate involves the transfer of heat in and out of the atmosphere

Understands radiation’s involvement in weather

Understands radiation’s involvement in climate

Understands conduction’s involvement in weather

Understands conduction’s involvement in climate

Understands convection’s involvement in weather

10.

Understands convection’s involvement in climate

11.

Understands advection’s involvement in weather

12.

Understands advection’s involvement in climate

Citation Log: BD(2E,70;CAE,271;IB2E,27;IBEI,21;N3I,83;NEE,54;NSE,82;OLE,3b,3c;SI,189;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the major external and internal sources of energy on Earth (e.g., the Sun is the major external source of energy; the decay of radioactive isotopes and gravitational energy from the Earth’s original formation are primary sources of internal energy)

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Energy in the Earth system

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s external energy sources
B. Earth’s internal energy sources
C. radioactive decay
D. radioactive isotope
E. gravitational energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the external sources of energy on Earth

Knows the internal sources of energy on Earth

Knows that the Sun is the major external source of energy

Knows that the decay of radioactive isotopes from Earth’s original formation is a major internal source of energy

Knows that gravitational energy from Earth’s original formation is a major internal source of energy

Citation Log: BD(CAI,94-95,274;N3I,83;NSE,82;SE,189;)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how the evolution of life on Earth has dramatically changed the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere through time (e.g., the presence of one-celled organisms which produced the molecular oxygen in the atmosphere)

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Earth’s atmosphere; 2. Natural selection and biological evolution; 3. Earth’s history

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s biological evolution
B. change in atmospheric composition
C. one-celled organism
D. release of oxygen

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the evolution of one-celled organisms produced most of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere

Knows that the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere has changed over time

Citation Log: BD(2I,74;CAE,274;N3I,83;NSE,79;OLI,4a;SE,190)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the properties that make water an essential component of the Earth system (e.g., its ability to act as a solvent, its ability to remain a liquid at most Earth temperatures) A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Water in the Earth system

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Knows the properties that make water an essential component of the Earth system (e.g., its ability to act as a solvent, its ability to remain a liquid at most Earth temperatures)

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of water
B. water in the Earth system
C. universal solvent

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that water remains liquid at most Earth temperatures A

Knows that water has the ability to act as a solvent

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,75;IBBE,46;N2I,93;NSE,27;OLI,1e;SI,160)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Science

Standard 2 : Understands Earth's composition and structure

Reference code: 2I,71

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Knows that there are different materials (e.g., rock, water, soil) on Earth

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Characteristics of the Earth system

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that there are different materials (e.g., rock, water, soil) on Earth

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth
B. water
C. soil
D. rock

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth is the planet we live on

Knows that rock is a material found on Earth

Knows that water is a material found on Earth

Knows that soil is a material found on Earth

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;FRE,25;HI,5;MHI,63;NZE,90;TE,51;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows properties of a number of Earth materials (e.g., rocks, soil, water)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Characteristics of the Earth system ; 2. Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows properties of a number of Earth materials (e.g., rocks, soil, water)

Vocabulary terms
A. property
B. properties of Earth materials
C. rock
D. soil
E. water

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that Earth materials have properties

Knows properties of soil

Knows properties of rocks

Knows properties of water

Citation Log: BD(DoD;FRE,25;HI,5;MHE,63;NZE,90;TE,51;TX1E )

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that Earth materials consist of solid rocks, soils, liquid water, and the gases of the atmosphere

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Characteristics of the Earth system

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that Earth materials consist of solid rocks, soils, liquid water, and the gases of the atmosphere

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth materials
B. atmospheric gas

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that solid rock is an Earth material

Knows that soil is an Earth material

Knows that liquid water is an Earth material

Knows that the gases of the atmosphere are Earth materials

Citation Log: BD(CAE,29;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NSE,80;SE,134;TE,51)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that rocks come in many different shapes and sizes (e.g., boulders, pebbles, sand)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that rocks come in many different shapes and sizes (e.g., boulders, pebbles, sand)

Vocabulary terms
A. rock characteristics
B. boulder
C. pebble
D. sand

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that rocks come in different shapes

Knows that rocks come in different sizes

Knows that rocks come in the form of boulders

Knows that rocks come in the form of pebbles

Knows that rocks come in the form of sand

McREL Activity(s)

A Collection of Rocks

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAI,41-42;IB1I,1.4;NSE,91)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows how features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by a combination of slow and rapid processes (e.g., slow processes, such as weathering, erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment caused by waves, wind, water, and ice; rapid processes, such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Characteristics of the Earth system ; 2. Earth’s surface features

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. change in the Earth’s surface
B. Earth process
C. weathering
D. erosion
E. sediment deposition
F. landslide
G. volcanic eruption
H. earthquake

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by slow processes P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by rapid processes P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by weathering A P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by erosion A P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by transport of sediment

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by deposition of sediment

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by wind P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by water P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by ice

10.

Knows that landslides cause sudden changes in Earth’s features P

11.

Knows that volcanic eruptions cause sudden changes in the Earth’s features

12.

Knows that earthquakes cause sudden changes in the Earth’s features P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAE,64;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NEI,16;NSE,79;OLE,2c;SE,134;TE,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage and weathering of larger rocks and bedrock A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Rocks, minerals, and soil; 2. Rock cycle

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage and weathering of larger rocks and bedrock

Vocabulary terms
A. rock breakage
B. weathering
C. bedrock

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage of bedrock

Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage of larger rocks

Knows that smaller rocks come from the weathering of bedrock

Knows that smaller rocks come from the weathering of larger rocks A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAE,42,64;NSI,87)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that rock is composed of different combinations of minerals A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that rock is composed of different combinations of minerals

Vocabulary terms
A. rock composition
B. mineral

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids

Knows that some rocks are composed of one mineral

Knows that some rocks are composed of multiple minerals A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAE,41,63;N1I,133;NSI,80;TI,51)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the composition and properties of soils (e.g., components of soil such as weathered rock, living organisms, products of plants and animals; properties of soil such as color, texture, capacity to retain water, ability to support plant growth) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. soil composition
B. properties of soil
C. weathered rock
D. organism
E. plant product
F. animal product
G. soil color
H. soil texture
I. water capacity
J. plant growth
K. ability to support plant growth

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the composition of soils

Knows the properties of soils

Knows that weathered rock is a component of soil

Knows that living organisms are a component of soil

Knows that plant products are a component of soil

Knows that animal products are a component of soil

Knows that color is a property of soil

Knows that texture is a property of soil

Knows that the capacity to retain water is a property of soil

10.

Knows that the ability to support plant growth is a property of soil A

McREL Activity(s)

Straight Scoop on Soils, You Dig?

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAE,42;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NSE,80;TE,51,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and the nature of the environment at that time A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Earth’s history

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and the nature of the environment at that time

Vocabulary terms
A. fossil evidence
B. prehistoric plants
C. prehistoric animals
D. prehistoric environment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fossils provide evidence about plants that lived long ago

Knows that fossils provide evidence about animals that lived long ago A

Knows that fossils provide evidence about the nature of the environment long ago A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,42;IB1I,1.4;N1I,132;NEI,18;NSE,79;SE,134;TE,52)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows that the Earth is comprised of layers including a core, mantle, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Characteristics of the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that the Earth is comprised of layers including a core, mantle, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s layers
B. Earth’s core
C. mantle
D. lithosphere
E. hydrosphere
F. atmosphere

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth is comprised of layers A

Knows the center of the Earth contains a core

Knows the mantle is between the core and the crust

Knows the lithosphere is the outer layer of solid Earth

Knows the hydrosphere consists of the water parts of the Earth

Knows the atmosphere is the gas surrounding the Earth

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,68-69;CAE,85;IB2E,27;N2I,93;NSE,81;PI,79-80;SE,159;TE,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how land forms are created through a combination of constructive and destructive forces (e.g., constructive forces such as crustal deformation, volcanic eruptions, and deposition of sediment; destructive forces such as weathering and erosion) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Characteristics of the Earth system ; 2. Earth’s surface features

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. land form creation
B. geologic force
C. crustal deformation
D. constructive force
E. deconstructive force
F. sedimentation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that a combination of destructive and constructive forces create land forms A P

Knows that crustal deformation is a constructive force

Knows that volcanic eruptions are constructive forces

Knows that deposition of sediment is a constructive force

Knows that weathering is a destructive force

Knows that erosion is a destructive force A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,73;CAE,65;IBEE,28;N2I,93;NSE,87;OLI,1e;PI,86-87;SE,160;TE,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows components of soil and other factors that influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion (e.g., plant roots and debris, bacteria, fungi, worms, rodents) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows components of soil and other factors that influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion (e.g., plant roots and debris, bacteria, fungi, worms, rodents)

Vocabulary terms
A. components of soil
B. soil fertility
C. erosion resistance

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows components of soil that influence soil texture P

Knows components of soil that influence soil fertility

Knows components of soil that influence soil resistance to erosion A P

Knows that plant roots can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion A

Knows that plant debris can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

Knows that bacteria can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

Knows that fungi can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

Knows that worms can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

Knows that rodents can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,73;IBEI,28;NSE,80;PE,85;SI,160;TI,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the Earth’s crust is divided into plates that move at extremely slow rates in response to movements in the mantle A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Plate tectonics

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that the Earth’s crust is divided into plates that move at extremely slow rates in response to movements in the mantle

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s crust
B. crustal plate movement
C. mantle
D. mid-ocean ridge
E. subduction zone
F. Richter scale
G. Mercalli scale

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth’s crust is divided into plates A

Knows that the Earth’s plates move slowly in response to movements in the mantle A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,86;IBEE,35;N2I,93;NSE,81;OLI,1b;PI,80;SE,160;TI,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows processes involved in the rock cycle (e.g., old rocks at the surface gradually weather and form sediments that are buried, then compacted, heated, and often recrystallized into new rock; this new rock is eventually brought to the surface by the forces that drive plate motions, and the rock cycle continues) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rock cycle

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. rock cycle
B. sedimentation
C. recrystallization
D. geologic force
E. crustal plate movement
F. rock formation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that new rock is brought to the surface by the forces that drive plate motions in the rock cycle

Knows that old rocks weather to form sediment in the rock cycle A

Knows that sediment is buried in the rock cycle

Knows that sediment is compacted in the rock cycle

Knows that sediment is heated in the rock cycle

Knows that sediment is recrystallized into new rock in the rock cycle A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,73;CAI,63,112;IB2I,25;N2I,93;NSE,80;OLI,2a;PE,81;SE,160;TE,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the minerals, temperatures, and forces that created them

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Rocks, minerals, and soil; 2. Rock cycle

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Knows that sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the minerals, temperatures, and forces that created them

Vocabulary terms
A. sedimentary rock
B. igneous rock
C. metamorphic rock
D. geologic force
E. rock formation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the minerals that created them

Knows that sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the temperatures that created them

Knows that sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the forces that created them

Knows that igneous rocks contain evidence of the minerals that created them

Knows that igneous rocks contain evidence of the temperatures that created them

Knows that igneous rocks contain evidence of the forces that created them

Knows that metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the minerals that created them

Knows that metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the temperatures that created them

Knows that metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the forces that created them

Citation Log: BD(2I,73;CAE,63;IB2I,25;NSE,80;OLI,2a,2d;PE,79)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how successive layers of sedimentary rock and the fossils contained within them can be used to confirm the age, history, and changing life forms of the Earth, and how this evidence is affected by the folding, breaking, and uplifting of layers A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Earth’s history; 2. Rock cycle; 3. Natural selection and biological evolution

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. evidence from sedimentary rock
B. fossil in sedimentary rock
C. Earth’s age
D. Earth’s history
E. changing life forms
F. rock layer movement

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how successive layers of sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the age of the Earth

Knows how successive layers of sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the history of the Earth

Knows how successive layers of sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the changing life forms on the Earth

Knows how the folding of rock layers affect the evidence of the Earth’s history

Knows how the breaking of rock layers affect the evidence of the Earth’s history

Knows how the fossils in sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the age of the Earth

Knows how the fossils in sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the history of the Earth A

Knows how the fossils in sedimentary rocks are used to confirm changing life forms on the Earth

Knows how the uplifting of rock layers affects the evidence of the Earth’s history A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,73,246;CAI,112-113;N2I,93;NSE,88;PE,80;TI,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that fossils provide important evidence of how environmental conditions have changed on the Earth over time (e.g., changes in atmospheric composition, movement of lithospheric plates, impact of an asteroid or comet)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Earth’s history

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Vocabulary terms
A. fossil evidence
B. change in environmental conditions
C. atmospheric composition
D. lithosphere
E. crustal plate movement
F. asteroid impact
G. comet impact

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fossils provide evidence of asteroid and comet impacts P

Knows that fossils provide evidence of lithospheric plate movement

Knows that fossils provide evidence of changes in atmospheric composition

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,112-114;N2I,93;NSE,79;PE,80;SE,160)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Understands the concept of plate tectonics (e.g., the outward transfer of the Earth’s internal heat and the action of gravitational forces on regions of different density drive convection circulation in the mantle; these convection currents propel the Earth’s crustal plates, which move very slowly, pressing against one another in some places and pulling apart in other places) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Plate tectonics

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. plate tectonics
B. transfer of Earth’s internal heat
C. gravitational force and plate tectonics
D. convection current
E. cause of crustal plate movement

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that the Earth’s crustal plates pull apart in some places and press against one another in other places A

Understands that the outward transfer of the Earth’s internal heat drives convection circulation in the mantle

Understands that gravitational forces on regions of different density drive convection circulation

Understands that convection currents propel the Earth’s crustal plates

Understands that the Earth’s crustal plates move slowly

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,74,248;CAI,260-261;N3I,83;NSE,81;OLI,1b;PE,93-94;SE,189;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows effects of the movement of crustal plates (e.g., earthquakes occur along the boundaries between colliding plates; sea floor spreading occurs where plates are moving apart; mountain building occurs where plates are moving together; volcanic eruptions release pressure created by molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Plate tectonics; 2. Earth’s surface features

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. effect of crustal plate movement
B. plate boundary
C. plate collision
D. sea floor spreading
E. mountain building
F. magma

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that volcanic eruptions release pressure created by molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface P

Knows that earthquakes occur along the boundaries of colliding plates A P

Knows that sea floor spreading occurs where the plates move apart P

Knows that mountain building occurs where plates move together A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,74;CAE,87;NSE,81;OLI,1b;PE,86-87,93-94;SI,189-190)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that elements exist in fixed amounts and move through the solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and living things as part of geochemical cycles (e.g., carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Biogeochemical cycles

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that elements exist in fixed amounts and move through the solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and living things as part of geochemical cycles (e.g., carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle)

Vocabulary terms
A. geochemical cycle
B. carbon cycle
C. nitrogen cycle
D. fixed amount of elements

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that elements exist on Earth in fixed amounts P

Knows that elements move through the solid Earth as part of geochemical cycles P

Knows that elements move through the oceans as part of geochemical cycles P

Knows that elements move through the atmosphere as part of geochemical cycles

Knows that elements move through living things as part of geochemical cycles P

Knows the carbon cycle is a geochemical cycle P

Knows the nitrogen cycle is a geochemical cycle

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that throughout the rock cycle (e.g., formation, weathering, sedimentation, reformation), the total amount of material stays the same as its form changes

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,273;DI,6.4.3;IB2I,25;IBBE,110;N3I,83;NEI,57;NSE,83;OLE,3e;SE,189)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Rock cycle; 2. Conservation of matter and energy

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that throughout the rock cycle (e.g., formation, weathering, sedimentation, reformation), the total amount of material stays the same as its form changes

Vocabulary terms
A. conservation of matter in the rock cycle

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that throughout the formation process of the rock cycle, the amount of material remains the same

Knows that throughout the weathering process of the rock cycle, the amount of material remains the same

Knows that throughout the sedimentation process of the rock cycle, the amount of material remains the same

Knows that throughout the reformation process of the rock cycle, the amount of material remains the same

Citation Log: BD(2E,74;N3I,83;NSI,83;PI,94)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows methods used to estimate geologic time (e.g., observing rock sequences and using fossils to correlate the sequences at various locations; using the known decay rates of radioactive isotopes present in rock to measure the time since the rock was formed) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Earth’s history

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. geologic time
B. geologic dating methods
C. rock sequence
D. decay rate
E. radioactive isotope

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the decay rates of radioactive isotopes in rock, which indicate the amount of time since the rock was formed, can be used to estimate geologic time P

Knows that the observation of rock sequences can be used to estimate geologic time P

Knows that the correlation of fossils sequences at various locations can be used to estimate geologic time A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,113;DI,8.4.8;IBBI,96;IBCI,107;IBPI,61-62,76;N3I,83;NSE,79;PE,87,92-93;SE,189)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the conditions of Earth that enable it to support life (e.g., force of gravity that enables the planet to retain an adequate atmosphere, intensity of radiation from the Sun that allows water to cycle between liquid and vapor)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Characteristics of the Earth system ; 2. Ability to support life

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s conditions
B. ability to support life
C. gravity and the atmosphere
D. radiation and the water cycle

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the intensity of radiation from the Sun, which allows water to cycle between liquid and vapor, is a condition of Earth that enables it to support life

Knows that the force of gravity, which enables the retention of an adequate atmosphere, is a condition of Earth that enables it to support life

Citation Log: BD(2E,70;IB2E,27;PI,95;TE,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Science

Standard 3 : Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Reference code: 2E,61

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Knows vocabulary (e.g., clouds, Sun, moon) used to describe major features of the sky

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

Characteristics of the Earth system

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows vocabulary (e.g., clouds, Sun, moon) used to describe major features of the sky

Vocabulary terms
A. sky
B. cloud
C. Sun
D. Moon

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the sky is above and over the Earth

Knows that clouds are a major feature of the sky

Knows that the Sun is a major feature of the sky

Knows that the Moon is a major feature of the sky

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;FRI,25;HI,5;ILE;LE,47;MHE,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows basic patterns of the Sun and Moon (e.g., the Sun appears every day and the Moon appears sometimes at night and sometimes during the day; the Sun and Moon appear to move from east to west across the sky; the Moon appears to change shape over the course of a month; the Sun’s position in the sky changes through the seasons) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. Motion of the Earth and Moon; 2. The Sun and other stars

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. apparent movement of the Sun
B. apparent movement of the Moon
C. day
D. night
E. changing shape of Moon
F. seasonal change of Sun

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the basic patterns of the Sun P

Knows the basic patterns of the Moon A

Knows that the Sun appears every day

Knows that the Moon appears sometimes at night

Knows that the Moon appears sometimes during the day

Knows that the Sun appears to move from east to west A

Knows that the Moon appears to move from east to west

Knows that the Moon appears to change shape over a month’s time A

Knows that the Sun’s position in the sky changes throughout the seasons P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,62;CAE,53,54;N1E,133;NSE,78;SE,134;TI,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the stars are innumerable, unevenly dispersed, and of unequal brightness

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The Sun and other stars

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the stars are innumerable, unevenly dispersed, and of unequal brightness

Vocabulary terms
A. multitude of stars
B. star dispersion
C. star brightness

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the stars are innumerable

Knows that the stars are unevenly dispersed

Knows that the stars are of unequal brightness

Citation Log: BD(2E,62;CAI,54;SI,134)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that night and day are caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

Motion of the Earth and Moon

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that night and day are caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis

Vocabulary terms
A. cause of night
B. cause of day
C. Earth’s rotation
D. Earth’s axis

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that night is caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis

Knows that day is caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis P

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that the Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun and that the Moon orbits the Earth A

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,68;CAI,53;N1I,133;NSE,86;TE,52,67;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. Motion of the Earth and Moon; 2. The Solar System; 3. The Sun and other stars

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun and that the Moon orbits the Earth

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s orbit
B. planet
C. Moon’s orbit

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun A

Knows that the Moon orbits around the Earth A

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that the patterns of stars in the sky stay the same, although they appear to slowly move from east to west across the sky nightly and different stars can be seen in different seasons

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,54;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NSI,85;TE,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. Motion of the Earth and Moon; 2. The universe

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that the patterns of stars in the sky stay the same, although they appear to slowly move from east to west across the sky nightly and different stars can be seen in different seasons

Vocabulary terms
A. constellation
B. star pattern
C. apparent movement of the stars
D. seasonal change in stars

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the patterns of the stars stay the same

Knows that stars appear to move from east to west across the sky nightly

Knows that different stars can be seen in different seasons

McREL Activity(s)

Star Light, Star Bright

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,53;IB1I,1.4;N1I,133;SI,134;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that planets look like stars, but over time they appear to wander among the constellations

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The Solar System

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that planets look like stars, but over time they appear to wander among the constellations

Vocabulary terms
A. apparent movement of the planets
B. star
C. constellation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that planets look like stars

Knows that planets appear to wander among constellations over time

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,53;N1I,133;SI,134)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that astronomical objects in space are massive in size and are separated from one another by vast distances (e.g., many stars are more massive than our Sun but so distant they look like points of light) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. astronomical object
B. outer space
C. astronomical size
D. astronomical distance

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that astronomical objects in space are massive in size

Knows that astronomical objects are separated from one another by vast distances A

Knows that many stars are more massive than our Sun

Knows that many stars are so distant they look like points of light

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,138;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that telescopes magnify distant objects in the sky (e.g., the Moon, planets) and dramatically increase the number of stars we can see

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 6.

Knows that telescopes magnify distant objects in the sky (e.g., the Moon, planets) and dramatically increase the number of stars we can see

Vocabulary terms
A. telescope
B. planet
C. star

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that telescopes magnify distant objects in the sky

Knows that telescopes increase the number of stars we can see

Knows that telescopes magnify the Moon

Knows that telescopes magnify the planets

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,54;IB1I,1.4;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows characteristics and movement patterns of the planets in our Solar System (e.g., planets differ in size, composition, and surface features; planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits; some planets have moons, rings of particles, and other satellites orbiting them) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The Solar System

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. planet characteristics
B. planet orbit
C. Solar System
D. planet size
E. planet composition
F. planet surface features
G. elliptical orbit
H. moon
I. particle ring
J. satellite

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the characteristics of the planets in our Solar System

Knows the movement patterns of the planets in our Solar System A P

Knows that the planets differ in size

Knows that the planets differ in composition

Knows that the planets differ in surface features

Knows that the planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits A P

Knows that some planets have moons orbiting them

Knows that some planets have particle rings orbiting them

Knows that some planets have satellites orbiting them

McREL Activity(s)

Driving through the Solar System

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,64;CAE,139;IB2E,27;IBPI,96;N2E,93;NSE,78;PE,90-91;SI,160;TE,67;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how the regular and predictable motions of the Earth and Moon explain phenomena on Earth (e.g., the day, the year, phases of the Moon, eclipses, tides, shadows) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

Motion of the Earth and Moon

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows how the regular and predictable motions of the Earth and Moon explain phenomena on Earth (e.g., the day, the year, phases of the Moon, eclipses, tides, shadows)

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s revolution
B. Earth’s rotation
C. year
D. Moon’s phases
E. eclipse
F. tide
G. shadow
H. equinox
I. solstice
J. mean annual temperature

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how the regular motions of Earth explain phenomena on Earth A P

Knows how the regular motions of the Moon explain phenomena on the Earth P

Knows how the predictable motions of the Earth explain phenomena on the Earth

Knows how the predictable motions of the Moon explain phenomena on the Earth

Knows how the motions of the Earth explain the days P

Knows how the motions the Earth explain the years A

Knows how the motions of the Earth and Moon explain the phases of the moon A P

Knows how the motions of the Earth and Moon explain eclipses A P

Knows how the motions of the Earth and Moon explain tides

10.

Knows how the motions of the Earth explain shadows A

McREL Activity(s)

Knows characteristics of the Sun and its position in the universe (e.g., the Sun is a medium-sized star; it is the closest star to Earth; it is the central and largest body in the Solar System; it is located at the edge of a disk-shaped galaxy) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,69;CAE,54;IB2E,27;IBPI,96;N2E,93;NSE,73;PE,83,84;SE,160;TE,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. The Solar System; 2. The Sun and other stars

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. Sun’s characteristics
B. Sun’s position
C. universe
D. Sun’s size
E. celestial body
F. Solar System
G. Milky Way galaxy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows characteristics of the Sun A

Knows the Sun’s position in the universe

Knows the Sun is a medium size star A

Knows the Sun is the closest star to Earth

Knows the Sun is the central body in our Solar System

Knows the Sun is largest body in our Solar System

Knows the Sun is located at edge of a disk-shaped galaxy

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,64;CAE,77;IB1I,1.4;IB2E,27;IBPE,96-97;NSE,78;SI,160;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that gravitational force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and moons in orbit around the planets

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. The Solar System; 2. Gravity

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that gravitational force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and moons in orbit around the planets

Vocabulary terms
A. gravitational force
B. planetary orbit
C. moon orbit
D. trajectory
E. eclipse
F. angular measurement in degrees

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that gravitational forces keep the planets in orbit around the Sun P

Knows that gravitational forces keep moons in orbit around the planets P

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,95;CAE,77,132-133;IB2E,27;IBPE,65;N2I,93;NSE,78;SE,161;TE,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows characteristics and movement patterns of asteroids, comets, and meteors A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The Solar System

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows characteristics and movement patterns of asteroids, comets, and meteors

Vocabulary terms
A. asteroid characteristics
B. comet characteristics
C. meteor characteristics
D. asteroid movement patterns
E. comet movement patterns
F. meteor movement patterns

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the characteristics of asteroids

Knows the characteristics of comets

Knows the characteristics of meteors A

Knows the movement patterns of asteroids P

Knows the movement patterns of comets P

Knows the movement patterns of meteors

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,64;CAE,139;IB2I,27;N2I,93;NSE,147;PE,90;SI,160;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the universe consists of many billions of galaxies (each containing many billions of stars) and that incomprehensible distances (measured in light years) separate these galaxies and stars from one another and from the Earth

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. composition of the universe
B. galaxy
C. light year

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the universe consists of billions of galaxies

Knows that incomprehensible distances separate galaxies from one another

Knows that incomprehensible distances separate galaxies from Earth

Knows that galaxies contain many billions of stars

Knows that distances between galaxies and stars are measured in light years

Citation Log: BD(2E,64;CAE,137;IB1E,1.4;IB2I,27;NSE,78;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the Earth is distinguished from other known celestial bodies in that it is the only planet known to harbor life although similar planets might yet be discovered in the universe

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. The Solar System; 2. Characteristics of the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Knows that the Earth is distinguished from other known celestial bodies in that it is the only planet known to harbor life although similar planets might yet be discovered in the universe

Vocabulary terms
A. planet
B. unique characteristic of Earth
C. celestial body
D. other life systems in universe

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth is different from other known celestial bodies P

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,68-69;AE,74;CAI,138;NSI,72;PE,95;SE,159;TI,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows that although the origin of the universe remains one of the greatest questions in science, current scientific evidence supports the Big Bang theory, which states that between 10 and 20 billion years ago, the entire contents of the universe expanded explosively into existence from a single, hot, dense chaotic mass; our Solar System formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas about 4.6 billion years ago

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. origin of the universe
B. evidence for the Big Bang theory
C. Solar System formation
D. age of the universe

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the origin of the universe is one of greatest questions in science

Knows that scientific evidence supports the "Big Bang" theory

Knows that the Big Bang theory says 10 to 20 billion years ago the universe exploded into existence from a single, hot, dense chaotic mass

Knows that our Solar System formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas about 4.6 billion years ago

Citation Log: BD(2E,65;CAE,252;IB2E,27;IB1E,1.4;IBPE,104;N3I,83;NSE,78;PE,98;SE,190;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that evidence suggests that our universe is expanding (e.g., the Doppler shift of light from distant galaxies reaching telescopes on Earth suggests that galaxies are moving away from the Earth and provides support for the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. evidence for the expansion of the universe
B. Doppler shift
C. Big Bang theory
D. origin of the universe

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the relationship of the red shift to the "Big Bang" theory of the origin of the universe

Knows that the Doppler shift of light suggests that galaxies are moving away from Earth A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,92;CAE,259;DI,10.4.9;IBPE,104,107;NSE,85;PE,97-98)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the ongoing processes involved in star formation and destruction (e.g., stars condense by gravity out of clouds of molecules of the lightest elements; nuclear fusion of light elements into heavier ones occurs in the stars’ extremely hot, dense cores, releasing great amounts of energy; some stars eventually explode, producing clouds of material from which new stars and planets condense) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. star formation
B. star destruction
C. star condensation
D. elements of matter
E. nuclear fusion
F. planet formation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the ongoing processes involved in star formation

Knows the ongoing processes involved in star destruction

Knows that stars condense by gravity out of clouds of molecules of the lightest elements

Knows that nuclear fusion of light elements into heavier elements occurs in stars’ hot, dense cores

Knows that the nuclear fusion of light elements into heavier elements releases great amounts of energy A

Knows that some stars explode, producing clouds of material from which new stars condense

Knows that some stars explode, producing clouds of material from which new planets condense

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,65;CAE,257;IBPE,106;N3E,83;NSI,33,78;PE,97;SI,190;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows common characteristics of stars in the universe (e.g., types of stars include red and blue giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars; stars differ in size, temperature, and age, but they all appear to be made up of the same elements and to behave according to the same principles; most stars exist in systems of two or more stars orbiting around a common point) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. star characteristics
B. tools of astronomy
C. star size
D. star temperature
E. star age
F. star composition
G. star system

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that most stars exist in systems of two or more stars orbiting around a single point

Knows the different types of stars

Knows the characteristics of red giant stars

Knows the characteristics of blue giant stars

Knows the characteristics of white dwarf stars

Knows the characteristics of neutron stars

Knows that stars differ in size

Knows that stars differ in temperature

Knows that stars differ in age

10.

Knows that all stars appear to be made of the same elements A

11.

Knows that all stars appear to behave according to the same principles

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,65;CAI,257;IBPE,101-102;NSI,84;PE,97)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows ways in which technology has increased our understanding of the universe (e.g., visual, radio, and x-ray telescopes collect information about the universe from electromagnetic waves; space probes gather information from distant parts of the Solar System; mathematical models and computer simulations are used to study evidence from many sources in order to form a scientific account of events in the universe)

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. tools of astronomy
B. types of telescopes
C. electromagnetic wave
D. space probe
E. history of the universe
F. space exploration

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that computer simulations study evidence to form a scientific account of the universe

Knows that visual telescopes collect information about the universe through electromagnetic waves

Knows that radio telescopes collect information about the universe through electromagnetic waves

Knows that x-ray telescopes collect information about the universe through electromagnetic waves

Knows that mathematical models study evidence to form a scientific account of the universe

Knows that space probes get information from distant parts of the Solar System

Citation Log: BD(2E,65;CAE,257;NSE,85;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Life Sciences

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Science

Standard 4 : Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Reference code: 2E,106

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Not appropriate at this level

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Not appropriate at this level

Citation Log: (none)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that plants and animals closely resemble their parents

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that plants and animals closely resemble their parents

Vocabulary terms
A. plant
B. animal
C. parent/offspring similarity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that plants closely resemble their parents

Knows that animals closely resemble their parents

Citation Log: BD(2E,107;CAE,39;IB1I,1.3;NEI,18;NSE,59;SE,129;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of plant or animal

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of plant or animal

Vocabulary terms
A. individual differences
B. plant
C. animal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of plant P

Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of animal P

McREL Activity(s)

Same Yet Different

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,107;CAE,39;NEE,18;NSE,60;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that many characteristics of plants and animals are inherited from its parents (e.g., eye color in human beings, fruit or flower color in plants), and other characteristics result from an individual’s interactions with the environment (e.g., people’s table manners, ability to ride a bicycle) A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. organism
B. inherited characteristic
C. parent
D. acquired characteristic

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that some characteristics of plants and animals are inherited from their parents A

Knows that eye color in humans is inherited from parents

Knows that fruit or flower color in plants is inherited from parents A

Knows that some characteristics come from an individual’s interactions with the environment

Knows that a person’s table manners is a characteristic that is acquired from interactions with the environment

Knows that the ability to ride a bicycle is a characteristic that is acquired from interactions with the environment

McREL Activity(s)

It’s All in the Genes

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,107;CAE,39;IB1I,1.4;N1I,132;NEE,18;NSE,54;SE,129;TE,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows that reproduction is a characteristic of all living things and is essential to the continuation of a species A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Reproduction

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that reproduction is a characteristic of all living things and is essential to the continuation of a species

Vocabulary terms
A. importance of reproduction
B. characteristic of life
C. continuation of species

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species A

Knows that reproduction is a characteristic of all living things

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,220;IB2I,27;N2I,92;NSE,59;PE,48;SE,157;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that for sexually reproducing organisms, a species comprises all organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Reproduction

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that for sexually reproducing organisms, a species comprises all organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring

Vocabulary terms
A. sexual reproduction
B. species
C. fertility

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that if two different species reproduce, their offspring will not be fertile A

Knows that criteria are established to define and distinguish species

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,104;CAI,114;IB2I,25,27;IBBE,56,59;N2I,92;NEE,35;TI,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands asexual and sexual reproduction (e.g., in asexual reproduction, all the genes come from a single parent; in sexual reproduction, an egg and sperm unite and half of the genes come from each parent, so the offspring is never identical to either of its parents; sexual reproduction allows for greater genetic diversity; asexual reproduction limits the spread of disadvantageous characteristics through a species) A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Reproduction

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. asexual reproduction
B. sexual reproduction
C. gene
D. egg
E. sperm
F. offspring
G. genetic diversity
H. species
I. fertilization

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that in asexual reproduction all genes come from a single parent

Understands that in sexual reproduction an egg and sperm unite and half the genes come from each parent A

Understands that in sexual reproduction an offspring will never be identical to either of its parents P

Knows that sexual reproduction allows for greater genetic diversity A

Knows that asexual reproduction limits the spread of disadvantageous characteristics through a species

McREL Activity(s)

Seeing Double

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,108;96-97;CAE,107;IB2E,25,27;IBBI,64-65;N2E,92;NSE,59;PE,48;SE,157;TE,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that hereditary information is contained in genes (located in the chromosomes of each cell), each of which carries a single unit of information; an inherited trait of an individual can be determined by either one or many genes, and a single gene can influence more than one trait A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topics

1. Molecular basis of heredity; 2. Characteristics of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. hereditary information
B. gene
C. chromosome
D. cell
E. inherited trait
F. polygenic trait

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that hereditary information is contained in genes A

Knows that genes are located on the chromosomes of each cell

Knows that each gene carries a single unit of information

Knows that inherited traits can be determined by one or many genes

Knows that a single gene can influence more than one trait

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,108;CAE,104;IB2E,27;IBBE,51;N2I,92;NSE,59:SE,157;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the characteristics of an organism can be described in terms of a combination of traits; some traits are inherited through the coding of genetic material and others result from environmental factors A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. characteristic of organisms
B. inherited trait
C. acquired trait

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that characteristics of an organism can be described in a combination of traits

Knows that some traits are inherited through the coding of genetic material A P

Knows that some traits result from environmental factors

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,107;IB2I,27;N2I,92;NSE,59;SE,157;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows the chemical and structural properties of DNA and its role in specifying the characteristics of an organism (e.g., DNA is a large polymer formed from four kinds of subunits; genetic information is encoded in genes as a string of these subunits; each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome and is replicated by a templating mechanism)

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Molecular basis of heredity

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. DNA properties
B. DNA structure
C. role of DNA
D. DNA subunit
E. DNA bases
F. gene encoding
G. DNA replication

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the chemical properties of DNA

Knows the structural properties of DNA

Knows the role of DNA in specifying characteristics of an organism P

Knows that DNA is a large polymer formed from four kinds of subunits

Knows that genetic information is encoded in genes as strings of subunits

Knows that DNA is replicated by a templating mechanism

Knows that each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,108;CAE,222;IB2E,26-27;IBBE,48-49;IBCE,94;N3E,82;NSE,54;PI,55;SE,185;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows ways in which genes (segments of DNA molecules) may be altered and combined to create genetic variation within a species (e.g., recombination of genetic material; mutations; errors in copying genetic material during cell division) A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topics

1. Molecular basis of heredity; 2. Genetic mutation and recombination

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. gene alteration
B. gene combination
C. DNA molecule
D. genetic variation
E. recombination of genetic material
F. genetic mutation
G. DNA replication error

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows ways that genes may be altered to create genetic variation within a species P

Knows ways that genes may be combined to create genetic variation within a species P

Knows that recombination of genetic material can create genetic variation in a species A

Knows that genes are segments of DNA molecules

Knows that mutations can occur when genes are altered and combined

Knows that errors in copying genetic material during cell division can create genetic variation within a species

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,230;IB2E,25;IBBE,51,73;N3I,82;NSE,59;PE,55;SE,185;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that new heritable characteristics can only result from new combinations of existing genes or from mutations of genes in an organism’s sex cells; other changes in an organism cannot be passed on

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Genetic mutation and recombination

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. heritable characteristic
B. new gene combination
C. genetic mutation
D. sex cell

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that new heritable characteristics can result from new combinations of existing genes in sex cells

Knows that new heritable characteristics can result from mutations of genes in sex cells

Knows that only changes to genes in the sex cells can be passed on

Citation Log: BD(2E,125;CAI,238;IBBI,51-53;N3I,82;NSE,59;SE,185)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that mutations and new gene combinations may have positive, negative, or no effects on the organism

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Genetic mutation and recombination

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that mutations and new gene combinations may have positive, negative, or no effects on the organism

Vocabulary terms
A. genetic mutation
B. new gene combination
C. value of characteristics

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that mutations may have positive effects

Knows that mutations may have negative effects

Knows that mutations may have no effect

Knows that new gene combinations may have positive effects

Knows that new gene combinations may have negative effects

Knows that new gene combinations may have no effect

Citation Log: BD(2E,108;CAE,230;IBBI,51;NSE,59;PI,55;SE,185)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the concepts of Mendelian genetics (e.g., segregation, independent assortment, dominant and recessive traits, sex-linked traits)

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Molecular basis of heredity

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Understands the concepts of Mendelian genetics (e.g., segregation, independent assortment, dominant and recessive traits, sex-linked traits)

Vocabulary terms
A. Mendelian genetics
B. segregation
C. independent assortment
D. dominant trait
E. recessive trait
F. sex-linked trait

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands sex-linked traits as a concept of Mendelian genetics

Understands segregation as a concept of Medelian genetics

Understands independent assortment as a concept of Mendelian genetics

Understands dominant traits as a concept of Mendelian genetics

Understands recessive traits as a concept of Mendelian genetics

Citation Log: BD(2I,108,255;CAE,107-108,227;IBBE,52;N2I,92;PE,52,*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows features of human genetics (e.g., most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22 chromosomes; in addition, one pair of chromosomes determines sex [XX or XY]; transmission of genetic information to offspring occurs through egg and sperm cells that contain only one representative from each chromosome pair; dominant and recessive traits explain how variations that are hidden in one generation can be expressed in the next)

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topics

1. Molecular basis of heredity; 2. Reproduction

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. human genetics
B. cell containing chromosomes
C. chromosome pair
D. sex chromosomes
E. genetic information
F. egg cell
G. sperm cell
H. dominant trait
I. recessive trait
J. parental generation
K. filial generation
L. gene expression

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that dominant and recessive traits explain how variations hidden in one generation can show up in the next P

Knows that cells in humans contain two copies of each of 22 chromosomes

Knows that one pair of chromosomes determines sex (XX or XY)

Knows that transmission of genetic information to offspring occurs through egg and sperm cells

Knows that each egg or sperm cell contains only one representative from each chromosome pair

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAI,226;IBBE,53;PI,52;SE,185)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Science

Standard 5 : Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Reference code: 2I,110

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Knows that living things and nonliving objects are different A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that living things and nonliving objects are different

Vocabulary terms
A. observation
B. nonliving object
C. living thing

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the basic characteristics of a living thing A

Knows the basic characteristics of a nonliving object A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(FRI,25;LI,45;MHE,58;RI;T1,45;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that living things go through a process of growth and change

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Life cycles

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that living things go through a process of growth and change

Vocabulary terms
A. living thing
B. growth process
C. process of change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things go through a process of growth

Knows that living things go through a process of change

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;FRE,25;IB1E,1.3;ILI;LE,46;MHE,62; HSE, 18 )

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows the basic needs of plants and animals (e.g., air, water, nutrients, light or food, shelter) A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows the basic needs of plants and animals (e.g., air, water, nutrients, light or food, shelter)

Vocabulary terms
A. basic requirements for life
B. plant
C. animal
D. air
E. nutrients
F. light
G. shelter

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that animals require air for life

Knows that animals require water for life

Knows that animals require food for life

Knows that animals require shelter for life

Knows that plants require air for life

Knows that plants require water for life A

Knows that plants require nutrients for life

Knows that plants require light to make food for life

Knows the basic life needs of plants A

10.

Knows the basic life needs of animals

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,111;CAE,28,32;DE,6.1.1;IB1E,1.3,5.12;N1I,132;NEE,18;NSE,57;SE,129;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that plants and animals have features that help them live in different environments

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that plants and animals have features that help them live in different environments

Vocabulary terms
A. plant features
B. animal features
C. habitat

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that plants have features to help them live in different environments

Knows that animals have features to help them live in different environments

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that plants and animals progress through life cycles of birth, growth and development, reproduction, and death; the details of these life cycles are different for different organisms A

Citation Log: BD(2E,102,123;CAE,32,34;N1I,132;NEI,18;NSE,60;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Life cycles

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that plants and animals progress through life cycles of birth, growth and development, reproduction, and death; the details of these life cycles are different for different organisms

Vocabulary terms
A. plant life cycle
B. animal life cycle
C. organism
D. life cycle
E. birth
F. growth
G. development
H. reproduction
I. death

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that plants progress through life cycles A

Knows that animals progress through life cycles A P

Knows that the life cycle includes birth, growth, development, reproduction, and death A

Knows that the details of life cycles are different for different organisms A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,39;IB1E,1.3,1.4;IB2I,25,27;N1I,132;NSE,59;OLI,5e;SE,129;TE,45,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that living organisms have distinct structures and body systems that serve specific functions in growth, survival, and reproduction (e.g., various body structures for walking, flying, or swimming) A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. structure and function in organisms
B. growth
C. survival of organisms
D. reproduction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that organisms have distinct structures that serve specific functions in growth A

Knows that organisms have distinct structures that serve specific functions in survival A P

Knows that organisms have distinct structures that serve specific functions in reproduction A P

Knows that organisms have distinct body structures for walking

Knows that organisms have distinct body structures for flying A

Knows that organisms have distinct body structures for swimming A

Knows that organisms have body systems that serve specific functions in growth A

Knows that organisms have body systems that serve specific functions in survival A

Knows that organisms have body systems that serve specific functions in reproduction A

McREL Activity(s)

Creature Features

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,51;IB2I,27;N1E,132;NSE,60,SE,129;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the behavior of individual organisms is influenced by internal cues (e.g., hunger) and external cues (e.g., changes in the environment), and that humans and other organisms have senses that help them to detect these cues A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Regulation and behavior

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. behavior
B. organism
C. internal cue
D. external cue
E. change in the environment
F. senses to detect cues

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the behavior of individuals is influenced by internal cues

Knows that hunger is an example of an internal cue

Knows that the behavior of individuals is influenced by external cues A

Knows that changes in the environment are examples of external cues

Knows that humans and other organisms have senses to detect internal and external cues

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,51;IB1I,1.3;N1I,132;NEI,18;SE,129;TE,45,46)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows that all organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental units of life; most organisms are single cells, but other organisms (including humans) are multicellular A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that all organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental units of life; most organisms are single cells, but other organisms (including humans) are multicellular

Vocabulary terms
A. cell
B. fundamental unit of life
C. unicellular organism
D. multicellular organism

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that all organisms are composed of cells

Knows that cells are the fundamental units of life A

Knows that most organisms are single cells

Knows that some organisms are multicellular, like humans

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,112;CAE,104;IB2E,26;IBBE,42;NSE,56;PE,47;SE,156;TE,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that cells convert energy obtained from food to carry on the many functions needed to sustain life (e.g., cell growth and division, production of materials that the cell or organism needs) A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that cells convert energy obtained from food to carry on the many functions needed to sustain life (e.g., cell growth and division, production of materials that the cell or organism needs)

Vocabulary terms
A. cellular energy conversion
B. life-sustaining functions
C. cell growth
D. cell division

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that cells convert energy from food for the production of materials necessary for life A

Knows that cells convert energy from food for cell growth A

Knows that cells convert energy from food for cell division

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,112;CAE,105;IB2E,25,27;IBBI,45;N2I,92;NSE,57;SE,156;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the levels of organization in living systems, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole organisms, ecosystems, and the complementary nature of structure and function at each level A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows the levels of organization in living systems, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole organisms, ecosystems, and the complementary nature of structure and function at each level

Vocabulary terms
A. organization in living systems
B. cell
C. tissue
D. organ
E. organ system
F. whole organism
G. ecosystem
H. digestive system

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the levels of organization in living systems A

Knows that cells form a level of organization within living systems

Knows that tissues form a level of organization within living systems A

Knows that organs form a level of organization within living systems A

Knows that organ systems form a level of organization within living systems

Knows that whole organisms form a level of organization within living systems

Knows that ecosystems form a level of organization within living systems

Knows the complementary nature of structure and function at each level of organization in living systems A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,115;IB2E,27;IBBI,42,56;N2E,92;NSE,52;SE,156;TE,55,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that multicellular organisms have a variety of specialized cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that perform specialized functions (e.g., digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control and coordination, protection from disease) and that the function of these systems affect one another A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. multicellular organism
B. specialized cell
C. specialized tissue
D. specialized organ
E. specialized organ system
F. immune system
G. digestive system
H. respiratory system
I. reproductive system
J. circulatory system
K. excretory system
L. skeletal system
M. muscular system
N. nervous system
O. skin
P. urinary system
Q. roots
R. stems
S. leaves
T. flowers
U. seeds

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that multicellular organisms have specialized cells to perform specialized functions A

Knows that multicellular organisms have tissues to perform specialized functions

Knows that multicellular organisms have organs to perform specialized functions A

Knows that multicellular organisms have organ systems to perform specialized functions A

Knows that digestion is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A

Knows that respiration is a specialized function in a multicellular organisms A

Knows that reproduction is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A

Knows that circulation is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A P

Knows that excretion is a specialized function in multicellular organisms

10.

Knows that movement is a specialized function in multicellular organisms

11.

Knows that control and coordination is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A P

12.

Knows that protection from disease is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A P

13.

Knows that the function of organ systems affects one another

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,112;CAE,70-71,116;IB2I,27;IBBE,61-65,79-83,112-115; N2E,92;NSE,56;PE,47,49; SE,156;TE,55;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that organisms have a great variety of body plans A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that organisms have a great variety of body plans

Vocabulary terms
A. structural variance in organisms
B. body plan
C. diversity of life

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that organisms have a body plan A

Knows what a body plan is

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,104;N2I,92;NSI,61;PE,47;SI,158;TI,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables the organism to obtain and use resources, grow, reproduce, and maintain stable internal conditions while living in a constantly changing external environment A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topics

1. Structure and function in organisms; 2. Regulation and behavior

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. homeostasis
B. resource acquisition by organisms
C. changing external environment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to obtain resources

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to use resources A

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to grow P

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to reproduce

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to live in a constantly changing environment A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAI,115;IB2E,25;IBBI,63-64,129;N2I,92;NSI,56;PE,48;SE,157;TE,55)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that organisms can react to internal and environmental stimuli through behavioral response (e.g., plants have tissues and organs that react to light, water, and other stimuli; animals have nervous systems that process and store information from the environment), which may be determined by heredity or from past experience A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Regulation and behavior

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. behavioral response to stimuli
B. plant tissue
C. plant organ
D. animal nervous systems
E. inherited trait
F. acquired trait

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that organisms react to internal stimuli through behavioral response

Knows that organisms react to external stimuli through behavioral response

Knows that an organism’s behavioral response may be determined by heredity

Knows that plants have tissues that react to light P

Knows that plants have tissues that react to water

Knows that plants have tissues that react to stimuli

Knows that plants have organs that react to light

Knows that plants have organs that react to water

Knows that plants have organs that react to stimuli

10.

Knows that animals have a nervous system that processes information from the environment A

11.

Knows that animals have a nervous system that stores information from the environment A

12.

Knows that an organism’s behavioral response may be determined by past experience

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,245;IB2I,26;IBBE,100-102;N2I,92;PI,48;SE,157;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that disease in organisms can be caused by intrinsic failures of the system or infection by other organisms A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Knows that disease in organisms can be caused by intrinsic failures of the system or infection by other organisms

Vocabulary terms
A. disease
B. system failure in organisms
C. infection

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that intrinsic failures of the system can cause disease in organisms

Knows that infection by other organisms can cause disease in organisms A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,116;IBBI,62,77-78;N2I,92;NSI,265;SE,157;TE,58)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that cells use inorganic compounds (e.g., vitamins, minerals, water) to make materials that the cell or organism needs A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 9.

Knows that cells use inorganic compounds (e.g., vitamins, minerals, water) to make materials that the cell or organism needs

Vocabulary terms
A. inorganic compound
B. water
C. mineral
D. cellular composition
E. vitamin

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that cells need inorganic compounds to make materials that an organism needs P

Knows that cells need inorganic compounds to make materials that a cell needs

Knows that cells need vitamins to make materials that a cell or organism needs A

Knows that cells need minerals to make materials that a cell or organism needs A

Knows that cells need water to make materials that a cell or organism needs

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,121;IB2I,27;IBBE,46;NSE,57;PE,48;SE,57;TE,58)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows the structures of different types of cell parts (e.g., cell wall; cell membrane; cytoplasm; cell organelles such as the nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, vacuole) and the functions they perform (e.g., transport of materials, storage of genetic information, photosynthesis and respiration, synthesis of new molecules, waste disposal) A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. structure and function of cell parts
B. cell wall
C. cell membrane
D. cytoplasm
E. organelle
F. cell nucleus
G. chloroplast
H. mitochondrion
I. Golgi apparatus
J. vacuole
K. transport of cell materials
L. storage of genetic information
M. process of photosynthesis
N. process of respiration
O. synthesis of new molecules
P. cellular waste disposal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the structures of different cell parts A

Knows the structure of the cell wall

Knows the structure of the cell membrane

Knows the structure of cytoplasm

Knows the structure of cell organelles

Knows the structure of the nucleus A

Knows the structure of chloroplasts

Knows the structure of the mitochondrion

Knows the structure of the Golgi apparatus

10.

Knows the structure of vacuoles

11.

Knows the functions of different cell parts

12.

Knows how cell parts transport materials

13.

Knows how cell parts store genetic information

14.

Knows how cell parts perform photosynthesis

15.

Knows how cell parts perform respiration

16.

Knows how cell parts perform synthesis of new molecules

17.

Knows how cell parts perform waste disposal

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,113;CAE,222-223;IB2E,27;IBBE,42-45;N3E,82;PE,51;SE,184;TE,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the chemical reactions involved in cell functions (e.g., food molecules taken into cells are broken down to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules; enzymes facilitate the breakdown and synthesis of molecules)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. chemical reaction in cells
B. cell function
C. breakdown of food molecules
D. synthesis of new molecules
E. enzyme

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that enzymes facilitate the synthesis of molecules

Understands that food molecules in cells are broken down to provide chemical constituents to synthesize other molecules

Understands that enzymes facilitate the breakdown of molecules

McREL Activity(s)

Understands the processes of photosynthesis and respiration in plants (e.g., chloroplasts in plant cells use energy from sunlight to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy-rich organic compounds and release oxygen to the environment) A

Citation Log: BD(CAE,222;IB2I,27;IBBI,46-50;N3I,82;NSE,57,61;PI,51;SE,184,186;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. process of photosynthesis
B. process of respiration
C. chloroplast
D. carbon dioxide
E. synthesis of organic compounds
F. release of oxygen

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the process of photosynthesis in plants A P

Understands the process of respiration in plants P

Knows that chloroplasts use sunlight energy to combine carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds A

Knows that chloroplasts in plant cells release oxygen

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,72;IB2E,25;IBBE,49-50,70-72,92-94;IBEI,20;IBCE,108;IEE,20;N3E,82;NSE,57;PE,51;SE,184,186;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how cell functions are regulated through changes in the activity of the functions performed by proteins and through the selective expression of individual genes, and how this regulation allows cells to respond to their environment and to control and coordinate cell growth and division

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topics

1. Structure and function in cells; 2. Regulation and behavior

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. cell function
B. cellular regulation
C. protein
D. selective gene expression
E. cellular response to the environment
F. regulation of cellular growth
G. regulation of cellular division

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that cell functions are regulated through changes in the activity of functions performed by proteins

Knows that cell functions are regulated through the selective expression of individual genes

Knows how regulation of cell functions allows cells to respond to their environment

Knows how regulation of cell functions allows cells to control cell growth and division

Citation Log: BD(2I,114;CAE,222;IBBI,47-49,66-69;N3I,82;NSE,56;SE,184)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the organism

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that the complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the organism

Vocabulary terms
A. complexity of organisms
B. organization of organisms
C. obtaining matter and/or energy
D. transforming matter and/or energy
E. transporting matter and/or energy
F. releasing matter and/or energy
G. elimination of matter and energy
H. requirements of life

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for obtaining matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for transforming matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for transporting matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for releasing matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for eliminating matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for obtaining energy used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of the organism accommodates the need for transforming energy used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for transporting energy used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for releasing energy used to sustain the organism

10.

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for eliminating energy used to sustain the organism

11.

Knows that the organization of the organism accommodates the need for obtaining matter used to sustain the organism

12.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for transforming matter used to sustain the organism

13.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for transporting matter used to sustain the organism

14.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for releasing energy used to sustain the organism

15.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for eliminating matter used to sustain the organism

16.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for obtaining energy used to sustain the organism

17.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for transforming energy used to sustain the organism

18.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for transporting energy used to sustain the organism

19.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for releasing energy used to sustain the organism

20.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for eliminating energy used to sustain the organism

Citation Log: BD(CAI,222;IB2I,27;IBBI,61-65;N3I,82;NSI,57;SE,186)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the processes of cell division and differentiation (e.g., meiosis, mitosis, embryo formation, cellular replication and differentiation into the many specialized cells, tissues, and organs that comprise the final organism; each cell retains the basic information needed to reproduce itself)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topics

1. Structure and function in cells; 2. Reproduction

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. cell division
B. cell differentiation
C. meiosis
D. mitosis
E. embryo formation

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that each cell retains the information needed to reproduce itself

Understands the process of cell division

Understands the process of cell differentiation

Understands the process of meiosis

Understands the process of mitosis

Understands the process of embryo formation

Understands the process of cellular replication

Understands the process of differentiation into specialized cells

Understands the process of differentiation into tissues

10.

Understands the process of differentiation into organs

Citation Log: BD(2E,109;CAE,105,225;IB2E,27;IBBE,45,51-52;NSE,56;PE,52,56;SE,184;TI,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the structures of proteins (e.g., long, usually folded chain molecules made of specific sequences of amino acids coded by DNA) and the role of proteins in cell function

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 7.

Knows the structures of proteins (e.g., long, usually folded chain molecules made of specific sequences of amino acids coded by DNA) and the role of proteins in cell function

Vocabulary terms
A. protein structure
B. amino acid sequence
C. DNA
D. protein synthesis
E. cell function

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the role of proteins in cell function

Knows that proteins are long, folded chain molecules made of specific sequences of amino acids

McREL Activity(s)

Understands the structure and functions of nervous systems in multicellular animals (e.g., nervous systems are formed from specialized cells that conduct signals rapidly through the long cell extensions that make up nerves; nerve cells communicate with each other by secreting specific excitatory and inhibitory molecules) A

Citation Log: BD(2E,114;CAE,214;IBBE,46-47,49,67-69,91-92;IBCI,91-92;N3I,82;NSE,56;PE,55;SE,184;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 8.

Vocabulary terms
A. structure and function of nervous systems
B. multicellular animals
C. neuron
D. neurotransmitter
E. cellular communication
F. excitatory molecule
G. inhibitory molecule

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the structure of nervous systems in multicellular animals

Understands the function of nervous systems in multicellular animals

Understands that nervous systems are formed from specialized cells

Understands that nervous systems’ cells conduct signals through cell extensions that make up nerves A

Understands that nerve cells communicate by secreting excitatory molecules

Understand that nerve cells communicate by secreting inhibitory molecules

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,245-246;IBBE,103;N3I,82;NSI,56;SE,187)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Knows the categories of biological molecules (i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids) and their functions within cells

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 1.

Knows the categories of biological molecules (i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids) and their functions within cells

Vocabulary terms
1. categories of biological molecules
2. functions of biological molecules within cells

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that proteins are biological molecules

Knows that nucleic acids are biological molecules

Knows that carbohydratese are biological molecules

Knows that lipids are biological molecules

Knows the functions of proteins in cells

Knows the functions of nucleic acids in cells

Knows the functions of carbohydrates in cells

Knows the functions of lipids in cells

Citation Log: BD(KE,46;TX2,17)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the role of ATP in energy coupling transfer

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 2.

Understands the role of ATP in energy coupling transfer

Vocabulary terms
1. energy coupling transfer
2. ATP structure
3. ATP hydrolysis
4. ATP synthesis

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that coupled reactions require an energy-releasing reaction and an energy-consuming reaction to occur at nearly the same time

Knows that ATP is made in the mitochondria

Knows that all cells require ATP to do work

Knows the reactants and products of ATP synthesis

Knows the reactants and products of ATP hydrolysis

Citation Log: BD(KE,47;TX2E,18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that while all cells share basic features, they can be categorized into two major types (i.e., prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 3.

Knows that while all cells share basic features, they can be categorized into two major types (i.e., prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

Vocabulary terms
1. prokaryotic cell
2. eukaryotic cell

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Knows the characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Knows that prokaryotes and eukaryotes share basic features

Citation Log: BD(KE,46-47,TX2E,17)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how membrane structure influences permeability (e.g., diffusion, osmosis, transport involving specialized membrane proteins)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 4.

Knows how membrane structure influences permeability (e.g., diffusion, osmosis, transport involving specialized membrane proteins)

Vocabulary terms
1. selectively-permeable membrane
2. phospholipid bilayer
3. membrane proteins
4. osmosis across a membrane
5. diffusion across a membrane
6. facilitated diffusion
7. active transport
8. passive transport
9. concentration gradient

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that cellular membranes are made of phospholipids and proteins

Knows how the structure of membranes allows for diffusion

Knows how the structure of membranes allows for osmosis

Knows how the structure of membranes allows for active and passive transport

Knows how proteins in the cellular membrane facilitate transport

Citation Log: BD(KE,47;TX2E,17)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Science

Standard 6 : Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Reference code: 2E,115,118

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Understands that living things have similar needs (e.g., water, food)

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Understands that living things have similar needs (e.g., water, food)

Vocabulary terms
A. living thing
B. need
C. water
D. food

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things need water

Knows that living things need food

Citation Log: BD(IB1E,1.3;ILE;RI;MHE,58;TE,45;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that plants and animals need certain resources for energy and growth (e.g., food, water, light, air) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that plants and animals need certain resources for energy and growth (e.g., food, water, light, air)

Vocabulary terms
A. plant
B. animal
C. basic requirements for life
D. resources for energy
E. resources for growth
F. light
G. air

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that plants need certain resources for energy

Knows that plants need certain resources for growth A P

Knows that plants need food for energy and growth

Knows that plants need water for energy and growth

Knows that plants need light for energy and growth A P

Knows that plants need air for energy and growth A

Knows that animals need food for energy and growth

Knows that animals need water for energy and growth

Knows that animals need light for energy and growth

10.

Knows that animals need air for energy and growth

11.

Knows that animals need certain resources for growth

12.

Knows that animals need certain resources for energy

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that living things are found almost everywhere in the world and that distinct environments support the life of different types of plants and animals A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,119;CAE,28,136,138;DE,5.1.1;IB1E,1.3;NSE,57;TE,45)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Populations and ecosystems

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that living things are found almost everywhere in the world and that distinct environments support the life of different types of plants and animals

Vocabulary terms
A. habitat
B. plant
C. animal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things are almost everywhere

Knows that distinct environments support life of different plants A

Knows that distinct environments support life of different animals

McREL Activity(s)

Knows the organization of simple food chains and food webs (e.g., green plants make their own food with sunlight, water, and air; some animals eat the plants; some animals eat the animals that eat the plants) A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,116;CAE,28,32,51;IB1I,1.3;NEI,18;NSI,58;SE,129;TE,45)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Interdependence of organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. food chain
B. food web
C. photosynthetic plants
D. herbivore
E. omnivore
F. carnivore

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the organization of food chains A

Knows the organization of food webs A

Knows that green plants make their own food with sunlight, water, and air A P

Knows that some animals eat plants A

Knows that some animals eat the animals that eat the plants A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,119;CAE,60;IB1E,1.4;NEI,19;NSE,58;OLI,5b;SE,129;TE,46)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the transfer of energy (e.g., through the consumption of food) is essential to all living organisms A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Matter and energy in living systems

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the transfer of energy (e.g., through the consumption of food) is essential to all living organisms

Vocabulary terms
A. transfer of energy between organisms
B. food consumption
C. organism

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that energy is transferred through the consumption of food A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,119;CAI,46;IB1I,1.3;NSE,56;TE,46)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that an organism’s patterns of behavior are related to the nature of that organism’s environment (e.g., kinds and numbers of other organisms present, availability of food and resources, physical characteristics of the environment) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Relationships between organisms and the environment ; 2. Regulation and behavior

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. organism
B. behavior pattern
C. environmental conditions
D. population density
E. resource availability
F. physical environment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the kinds of organisms present in their environment A

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the number of organisms present in their environment

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the availability of food in their environment

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the availability of resources in their environment

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the physical characteristics of their environment A P

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that changes in the environment can have different effects on different organisms (e.g., some organisms move in, others move out; some organisms survive and reproduce, others die) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,116;CAE,51;IB1E,1.3;N1I,132;NEE,18;OLE,5g;SE,129;TE,46,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that changes in the environment can have different effects on different organisms (e.g., some organisms move in, others move out; some organisms survive and reproduce, others die)

Vocabulary terms
A. change in the environment
B. organism
C. survival of organisms
D. reproduction
E. death
F. migration

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that when the environment changes, some organisms survive and reproduce A P

Knows that when the environment changes, some organisms move in

Knows that when the environment changes, some organisms move out

Knows that when the environment changes, some organisms die

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,116;CAE,52;IB1E,1.3,1.4;N1I,132;NEI,18;NSE,58;SE,129;TE,46,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that all organisms (including humans) cause changes in their environments, and these changes can be beneficial or detrimental A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that all organisms (including humans) cause changes in their environments, and these changes can be beneficial or detrimental

Vocabulary terms
A. organism
B. change in the environment
C. beneficial change
D. detrimental change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that all organisms, including humans, cause changes in their environment

Knows that some changes an organism causes in their environment are beneficial

Knows that some changes an organism causes in their environment are detrimental A

McREL Activity(s)

What in the World are You Doing?

Our Changing World

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,51;IB1E,1.3,1.4;N1E,132;NEE,18;NSE,58;OLI,6e,6g;SE,129;TE,46,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows that all individuals of a species that exist together at a given place and time make up a population, and all populations living together and the physical factors with which they interact compose an ecosystem

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Populations and ecosystems

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. species
B. population
C. composition of an ecosystem

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that a population is all individuals of a species that exist at the same place and time

Knows that an ecosystem is all populations living together and the physical factors they interact with

Citation Log: BD(2I,117;CAE,61;IB1E,1.4;IB2I,26;IBBE,56;IBEE,18;N2I,92;NEE,35;NSE,52;PE,49;SE,157;TI,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows factors that affect the number and types of organisms an ecosystem can support (e.g., available resources; abiotic factors such as quantity of light and water, range of temperatures, and soil composition; disease; competition from other organisms within the ecosystem; predation) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Populations and ecosystems; 2. Ability to support life

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. carrying capacity
B. species diversity
C. ecosystem
D. abiotic components of ecosystems
E. disease
F. competition
G. predation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the factors that affect the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A P

Knows the factors that affect the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A P

Knows how the available resources affect the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A P

Knows how the available resources affect the types of organisms an ecosystem can support P

Knows abiotic factors that affect the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A

Knows abiotic factors that affect the types of organisms an ecosystem can support

Knows the amount of water affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support

Knows the amount of water affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support

Knows the amount of light affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support

10.

Knows the amount of light affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A

11.

Knows the range of temperatures affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support

12.

Knows the range of temperatures affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A

13.

Knows that soil composition affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A

14.

Knows that soil composition affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support

15.

Knows that disease affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A

16.

Knows that disease affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A

17.

Knows that competition from other organisms affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A

18.

Knows that competition from other organisms affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A

19.

Knows that predation affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A P

20.

Knows that predation affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,117;CAE,99;IB2I,25;IBBE,108;IBEE,18,19;N2I,92;NEI,36;NSE,58;OLE,5g;PE,50;SE,158;TE,57;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows ways in which organisms interact and depend on one another through food chains and food webs in an ecosystem (e.g., producer/consumer, predator/prey, parasite/host, relationships that are mutually beneficial or competitive) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Interdependence of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. interaction of organisms
B. interdependence of organisms
C. ecosystem
D. producer/consumer relationship
E. predator/prey relationship
F. parasite/host relationship
G. mutualism
H. competition

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows ways that organisms interact with one another through food chains

Knows ways that organisms interact with one another through food webs A P

Knows that organisms depend on one another through food chains in ecosystems

Knows that organisms depend on one another through food webs in ecosystems A P

Knows producer/consumer interactions A P

Knows predator/prey interactions A P

Knows parasite/host interactions

Knows relationships that are mutually beneficial in an ecosystem

Knows relationships that are competitive in an ecosystem A

McREL Activity(s)

Broken Chains and Tangled Webs

It’s a Cutthroat World (in Yellowstone)

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,104,117;CAE,60;IB1E,1.4;IB2E,25;IBBE,108;IBEE,17,18;N2E,92;NEE,36;NSE,58;PE,54;OLE,5b,5d;SE,157-158;TE,46,57;)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how energy is transferred through food webs in an ecosystem (e.g., energy enters ecosystems as sunlight, and green plants transfer this energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis; this chemical energy is passed from organism to organism; animals get energy from oxidizing their food, releasing some of this energy as heat) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Interdependence of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. energy transfer in ecosystems
B. energy transfer through food webs
C. sunlight
D. chemical energy
E. photosynthesis
F. food oxidation
G. release of heat energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that animals release some energy as heat

Knows that energy enters the ecosystem as sunlight A

Knows that green plants transfer light energy through photosynthesis A

Knows that the chemical energy from photosynthesis is passed from organism to organism A P

Knows that animals get energy by oxidizing their food A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,120;CAE,97;IB2E,25;IBBE,57;IBEI,21;N2I,92;NEI,36,37;NSE,34;SE,158;TE,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how matter is recycled within ecosystems (e.g., matter is transferred from one organism to another repeatedly, and between organisms and their physical environment; the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Matter and energy in living systems

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. recycling of matter in ecosystems
B. transfer of matter in ecosystems
C. conservation of matter

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the total amount of matter remains constant even if its location changes

Knows that matter is transferred from one organism to another repeatedly

Knows that matter is transferred between organisms and the physical environment A

Knows that the total amount of matter remains constant even if its form changes

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,120;CAE,97;IB2I,25;IBBI,56;IEI,21;N2I,92;NEE,36;NSE,57;PI,50;TE,57;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows how the interrelationships and interdependencies among organisms generate stable ecosystems that fluctuate around a state of rough equilibrium for hundreds or thousands of years (e.g., growth of a population is held in check by environmental factors such as depletion of food or nesting sites, increased loss due to larger numbers of predators or parasites)

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Interdependence of organisms; 2. Populations and ecosystems

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. interrelationships among organisms
B. equilibrium of ecosystems
C. population growth
D. environmental factor
E. predator population
F. parasite population

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that interrelationships among organisms generate stable ecosystems

Knows that interdependencies among organisms generate stable ecosystems

Knows that stable ecosystems fluctuate around a state of equilibrium for hundreds of years

Knows that population growth is held in check by environmental factors

Knows that population growth is held in check by the depletion of food

Knows that population growth is held in check by the depletion of nesting sites

Knows that population growth is held in check by an increased number of predators

Knows that population growth is held in check by an increased number of parasites

Citation Log: BD(2E,117;CAE,235-236;IBBE,109;IBEI,23;N3I,82;NEI,56;NSE,58,70;PI,54;SE,186;TI,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the availability of matter and energy and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Populations and ecosystems

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Knows how the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the availability of matter and energy and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials

Vocabulary terms
A. limiting carrying capacity
B. ecosystem’s ability to recycle

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the availability of matter

Knows that the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the availability of energy P

Knows that the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the ability of that ecosystem to recycle material

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,121;CAE,236;IBBE,108;IBEE,22,23;N3I,82;NEE,57;OLI,5g;PI,54;SE,186;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that as matter and energy flow through different levels of organization in living systems and between living systems and the physical environment, chemical elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen) are recombined in different ways A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Biogeochemical cycles

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. flow of matter
B. flow of energy
C. levels of organization in living systems
D. recombination of chemical elements
E. carbon
F. nitrogen

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that matter flows through different levels of organization in living systems A P

Knows that matter flows through different levels of organization between living systems and the physical environment

Knows that energy flows through different levels of organization in living systems

Knows that energy flows through different levels of organization between living systems and the physical environment

Knows that in the flow of matter and energy through different levels of organization, chemical elements are recombined in different ways

Knows that carbon and nitrogen are recombined in different ways as matter and energy flow through different levels of organization A P

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that because all matter tends toward more disorganized states, living systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain their chemical and physical organizations

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,236;IB2I,25;DI,2.4.3;IBBE,57,110;IBEE,21;N3I,82;NEI,57;NSE,57;OLI,3e;SE,186-187;TE,57;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Matter and energy in living systems

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that because all matter tends toward more disorganized states, living systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain their chemical and physical organizations

Vocabulary terms
A. organic matter
B. entropy
C. energy requirements of living systems
D. chemical organization of organisms
E. physical organization of organisms

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that all matter tends towards disorganized states

Knows that living systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain chemical organization

Knows that living systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain physical organization

Citation Log: BD(2E,121;CAI,236;IBEE,15,21;N3I,82;NSE,57;SE,186)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows ways in which humans can alter the equilibrium of ecosystems, causing potentially irreversible effects (e.g., human population growth, technology, and consumption; human destruction of habitats through direct harvesting, pollution, and atmospheric changes) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Populations and ecosystems; 2. Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. human modification of ecosystems
B. equilibrium of ecosystems
C. population growth
D. habitat destruction
E. harvesting of resources
F. pollution
G. atmospheric change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that humans can alter the equilibrium of ecosystems A P

Knows that humans can cause irreversible effects P

Knows that human population growth can affect the equilibrium of ecosystems P

Knows that technology can affect the equilibrium of ecosystems A P

Knows that consumption can affect the equilibrium of ecosystems

Knows that humans can destroy habitats by direct harvesting

Knows that humans can destroy habitats by pollution A

Knows that humans can destroy habitats by atmospheric changes A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,117;CAE,235;IB2E,26,27-28;IBBE,60,110-111;IBCI,96;IBEI,24,32-34, 39-45;N3I,82;NEI,61NSE,66;OLI,1g,6e,6g;SE,186;TE,46;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Science

Standard 7 : Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Reference code: 2E,101,122

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Knows simple ways that living things can be grouped (e.g., appearance, behavior, plant, animal)

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Characteristics of organisms ; 2. Classification of organisms

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows simple ways that living things can be grouped (e.g., appearance, behavior, plant, animal)

Vocabulary terms
A. living thing
B. grouping living things
C. grouping by appearance
D. grouping by behavior
E. plant group
F. animal group

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things can be grouped by their appearance

Knows that living things can be grouped by their behavior

Knows that some living things can be grouped as plants

Knows that some living things can be grouped as animals

Citation Log: BD(CAI,28;DoDE;ILE;MHI,59-60;RE;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that some kinds of organisms that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared (e.g., dinosaurs, trilobites, mammoths, horsetail trees)

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Earth’s history; 2. Survival and extinction

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that some kinds of organisms that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared (e.g., dinosaurs, trilobites, mammoths, horsetail trees)

Vocabulary terms
A. extinct organism
B. horsetail tree
C. dinosaur
D. trilobite
E. mammoth

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that some organisms that once lived on Earth have disappeared

Knows that dinosaurs no longer exist

Knows that trilobites no longer exist

Knows that mammoths no longer exist

Knows that horsetail trees no longer exist

Citation Log: BD(2E,123;CAE,52;N1I,132;NSE,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that there are similarities and differences in the appearance and behavior of plants and animals

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Diversity and unity among organisms

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that there are similarities and differences in the appearance and behavior of plants and animals

Vocabulary terms
A. similarities among organisms
B. differences among organisms
C. organism appearance
D. organism behavior

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows there are similarities in the appearance of plants

Knows there are similarities in the appearance of animals

Knows there are similarities in the behavior of plants

Knows there are similarities in the behavior of animals

Knows there are differences in the appearance of plants

Knows there are differences in the appearance of animals

Knows there are differences in the behavior of plants

Knows there are differences in the behavior of animals

Citation Log: BD(2E,102;CAE,28;NEI,18;NSE,54,60;SI,158;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that fossils can be compared to one another and to living organisms to observe their similarities and differences

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Diversity and unity among organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that fossils can be compared to one another and to living organisms to observe their similarities and differences

Vocabulary terms
A. grouping organisms
B. prehistoric organism
C. living organism

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fossils can be compared to living organisms of today to observe their similarities and differences

Knows that fossils can be compared to one another to observe their similarities and differences

McREL Activity(s)

Fossil Fun

Citation Log: BD(2E,123;CAE,52;N1E,132;NEE,18;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows different ways in which living things can be grouped (e.g., plants/animals, bones/no bones, insects/spiders, live on land/live in water) and purposes of different groupings A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Classification of organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows different ways in which living things can be grouped (e.g., plants/animals, bones/no bones, insects/spiders, live on land/live in water) and purposes of different groupings

Vocabulary terms
A. purpose of grouping organisms
B. plant/animal grouping
C. bones/no bones grouping
D. insect/spider grouping
E. grouping by habitat

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows different ways that living things can be grouped A

Knows that living things can be grouped into categories such as plants/animals

Knows that living things can be grouped into categories such as bones/no bones A

Knows living things can be grouped into categories such as insects/spiders A

Knows the purpose of different groupings

Knows that living things can be grouped into categories such as live on land/live in water

McREL Activity(s)

One of These Things Is Not Like the Other

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,103;CAI,98;NEE,18;NSI,60;OLI,5a;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows basic ideas related to biological evolution (e.g., diversity of species is developed through gradual processes over many generations; biological adaptations, such as changes in structure, behavior, or physiology, allow some species to enhance their reproductive success and survival in a particular environment) A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Natural selection and biological evolution

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. biological evolution
B. species diversity
C. biological adaptation
D. structural change in organisms
E. behavioral change in organisms
F. physiological change in organisms
G. fitness

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that biological adaptations in physiology allow species to enhance survival

Knows that the diversity of species develops through gradual processes over generations

Knows that biological adaptations in structure allow species to enhance survival A

Knows that biological adaptations in behavior allow species to enhance survival

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,124;CAE,109;IB2E,27;IBBE,58-59;N2I,92;NEI,36;NSE,55;SE,158)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the fossil record, through geologic evidence, documents the appearance, diversification, and extinction of many life forms A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Earth’s history; 2. Natural selection and biological evolution

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the fossil record, through geologic evidence, documents the appearance, diversification, and extinction of many life forms

Vocabulary terms
A. fossil record
B. geologic evidence
C. emergence of life
D. biological evolution
E. extinction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fossils record geologic evidence A

Knows that fossils record the extinction of many life forms

Knows that fossils document the appearance of many life forms

Knows that fossils record the diversification of many life forms

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,124;CAE,113;IB2I,27;N2I,92;NSE,60;SI,158;TE,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the concept of extinction and its importance in biological evolution (e.g., when the environment changes, the adaptive characteristics of some species are insufficient to allow their survival; extinction is common; most of the species that have lived on the Earth no longer exist)

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Survival and extinction; 2. Natural selection and biological evolution

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. extinction
B. biological evolution
D. adaptive characteristics
E. species survival

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the concept of extinction

Understands the importance of extinction in biological evolution

Understands that when the environment changes, characteristics of some species do not allow survival P

Understands that extinction is common

Understands that most of the species that have lived on Earth no longer exist

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,111;IBBI,109;IBEI,36;N2I,92;NEI,36;NSE,60;SE,158;TE,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows evidence that supports the idea that there is unity among organisms despite the fact that some species look very different (e.g., similarity of internal structures in different organisms, similarity of chemical processes in different organisms, evidence of common ancestry) A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Diversity and unity among organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. evidence for the unity among organisms
B. internal feature
C. evidence of common ancestry

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows there is evidence of common ancestry among organisms A P

Knows that different organisms have similar internal structures

Knows that different organisms have similar chemical processes

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,110;IB2E,27;IBBE,95-96;N2I,92;NSE,60;SE,158)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows ways in which living things can be classified (e.g., taxonomic groups of plants, animals, and fungi; groups based on the details of organisms’ internal and external features; groups based on functions served within an ecosystem such as producers, consumers, and decomposers) A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Classification of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. classification of organisms
B. taxonomy
C. taxonomic group
D. internal feature
E. external feature
F. ecological role
G. ecosystem
H. producer
I. consumer
J. decomposer

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things can be classified as decomposers

Knows taxonomic groups of plants

Knows taxonomic groups of animals A

Knows taxonomic groups of fungi

Knows that living things can be classified based on the details of their internal features A

Knows that living things can be classified based on the details of their external features A

Knows that living things can be classified based on their function within an ecosystems

Knows that living things can be classified as producers

Knows that living things can be classified as consumers

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,104;CAE,98,110;IB2E,27;IBEI,19;IBBE,59;N2I,92;NSE,60;OLI,5c;PE,47;SI,157-158;TE,46,55;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows that heritable characteristics, which can be biochemical and anatomical, largely determine what capabilities an organism will have, how it will behave, and how likely it is to survive and reproduce

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Characteristics of organisms ; 2. Survival and extinction

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
B. biochemical characteristic
C. anatomical characteristic
D. behavior of organisms
E. likelihood of survival
F. reproductive success

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that heritable characteristics determine an organism’s capabilities

Knows that heritable characteristics determine an organism’s behavior

Knows that heritable characteristics determine an organism’s likelihood to survive and reproduce P

Knows that heritable characteristics can be biochemical

Knows that heritable characteristics can be anatomical

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,125;CAI,238;IB2I,27;NEI,56;NSI,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the concept of natural selection (e.g., when an environment changes, some inherited characteristics become more or less advantageous or neutral, and chance alone can result in characteristics having no survival or reproductive value; this process results in organisms that are well suited for survival in particular environments)

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Natural selection and biological evolution

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. natural selection
B. survival value of traits
C. reproductive value of traits
D. likelihood of survival

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that natural selection results in organisms that are suited for survival in particular environments

Understands that when the environment changes, some inherited characteristics become more advantageous

Understands that when the environment changes, some inherited characteristics become less advantageous

Understands that when the environment changes, some inherited characteristics become neutral

Understands that when the environment changes, chance alone can result in characteristics having no survival value

Understands that when the environment changes, chance alone can result in characteristics having no reproductive value

McREL Activity(s)

Not So Super Superbugs

Citation Log: BD(2E,125;CAE,109,111;IB2E,27;IBBE,59;IBEI,34;N3I,82;NEE,56;NSE,60;PE,56;SI,185,187;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how variation of organisms within a species increases the chance of survival of the species, and how the great diversity of species on Earth increases the chance of survival of life in the event of major global changes

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Diversity and unity among organisms; 2. Survival and extinction

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. variation within species
B. increasing species survival
C. survival of life
D. global change
E. diversity of species

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the variation of organisms within a species increases the chance of survival of the species

Knows how the diversity of species on Earth increases the chance of survival of life

Citation Log: BD(2E,105;CAE,238,241;IB2E,27;IBBE,109;N3I,82;NEI,56;PI,53,*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the basic idea of evolution is that the Earth’s present-day life forms have evolved from earlier, distinctly different species as a consequence of the interactions of (1) the potential for a species to increase its numbers, (2) the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes, (3) a finite supply of the resources required for life, and (4) the ensuing selection by the environment of those offspring better able to survive and leave offspring A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Natural selection and biological evolution

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. theory of evolution
B. prehistoric life form
C. speciation
D. reproductive capacity
E. natural selection
F. genetic variation
G. genetic mutation
H. new gene combination
I. requirements of life

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the idea of evolution is that present-day life forms evolved from earlier, distinctly different species A

Knows that evolution is partly the result of the potential for a species to increase its numbers

Knows that evolution is partly the result of the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination

Knows that evolution is partly the result of the finite supply of resources required for life

Knows that evolution is partly the result of the environmental selection of offspring that are better able to survive and reproduce

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,125;CAE,110;N3I,82;NSE,60;PI,56;SE,185;TI,57;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the history of the origin and evolution of life on Earth (e.g., life on Earth is thought to have begun 3.5-4 billion years ago as simple, unicellular organisms; cells with nuclei evolved about a billion years ago, after which increasingly complex multicellular organisms evolved) A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Earth’s history; 2. Natural selection and biological evolution

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. origin of life
B. history of evolution
C. nucleated cell
D. complexity of organisms

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the history of the origin of life on Earth

Knows the history of the evolution of life on Earth A

Knows that life is thought to have begun 3.5-4 billion years ago

Knows that life is thought to have begun as simple, unicellular organisms

Knows that cells with nuclei evolved about a billion years ago

Knows that after cells with nuclei evolved, complex multicellular organisms evolved

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,125;CAI,242;IB2I,27;IBBE,95;NSI,60;OLI,4b;SI,185;TE,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for the diversity and unity of past and present life forms on Earth (e.g., recurring patterns of relationship exist throughout the fossil record; molecular similarities exist among the diverse species of living organisms; the millions of different species living today appear to be related by descent from common ancestors) A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Natural selection and biological evolution; 2. Diversity and unity among organisms

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. natural selection
B. evolutionary consequences of natural selection
C. explaining species diversity
D. explaining the unity of life
E. prehistoric life form
F. common ancestry
G. relationships in fossil record
H. species similarity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that natural selection provides a scientific explanation for the diversity of past life

Knows that natural selection provides a scientific explanation for the diversity of present life

Knows that natural selection provides a scientific explanation for the unity of past life

Knows that natural selection provides a scientific explanation for the unity of present life

Knows that recurring patterns of relationships exist throughout fossil records

Knows that molecular similarities exist among diverse species

Knows that millions of species today appear to be related by descent from common ancestors A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,125;CAE,243;IB2I,27;IBBI,54,96;IBEI,34,35;N3I,82;NSE,60;PI,56-57;SE,185)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities that reflect their evolutionary relationships (e.g., shared derived characteristics inherited from a common ancestor; degree of kinship estimated from the similarity of DNA sequences)

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Classification of organisms

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. hierarchical classification
B. common ancestry
C. shared characteristic
D. derived characteristic
E. degree of kinship
F. DNA sequence
G. phylogenetics

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups based on similarities of evolutionary relationships

Knows how organisms are classified into a hierarchy of subgroups based on similarities

Knows that organisms are classified by shared derived characteristics inherited from common ancestors

Knows that organisms are classified by the degree of kinship estimated from the similarity of their DNA

Citation Log: BD(2E,105;CAE,242;IB2I,27;IBBE,59;N3I,82;NSE,55;OLI,5c;SE,185;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Physical Sciences

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Science

Standard 8 : Understands the structure and properties of matter

Reference code: 2E,75

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Knows vocabulary used to describe some observable properties (e.g., color, shape, size) of objects

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows vocabulary used to describe some observable properties (e.g., color, shape, size) of objects

Vocabulary terms
A. object
B. observable properties of objects
C. color
D. shape
E. size

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows words used to describe colors of objects

Knows words used to describe shapes of objects

Knows words used to describe sizes of objects

Citation Log: BD(CAI,26;DoDE;IB1I,1.3;LE,43-44;MHE,47,54,63;NZE,90;TX1E; HSE, 18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Sorts objects based on observable properties

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Sorts objects based on observable properties

Vocabulary terms
A. sorting
B. object
C. observable properties of objects

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that objects have properties that are the same

Knows that objects have properties that are different

Citation Log: BP(HSE, 17; CAE,26,30;FRE,31;HI,4;ILE;MHE,49;T1E,48;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the physical properties of things can change

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that the physical properties of things can change

Vocabulary terms
A. physical property
B. change

Citation Log: BD(IB1I,1.3;MHE,55-56;TXI; HSE, 18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that different objects are made up of many different types of materials (e.g., cloth, paper, wood, metal) and have many different observable properties (e.g., color, size, shape, weight) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that different objects are made up of many different types of materials (e.g., cloth, paper, wood, metal) and have many different observable properties (e.g., color, size, shape, weight)

Vocabulary terms
A. material composition of objects
B. observable properties of objects
C. weight

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that different objects are made from different materials

Knows that objects can be made up of paper

Knows that objects can be made up of metal A

Knows that objects can be made up of cloth

Knows that objects can be made up of wood

Knows that objects have different observable properties A

Knows that color is an observable property of objects

Knows that size is an observable property of objects P

Knows that shape is an observable property of objects

10.

Knows that weight is an observable property of objects A P

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that things can be done to materials to change some of their properties (e.g., heating, freezing, mixing, cutting, dissolving, bending), but not all materials respond the same way to what is done to them A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,76;CAE,26,30;IB1I,1.3;N1I,132;NEE,16;NSE,31;SE,127;TE,48;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of substances
B. heating
C. freezing
D. mixing
E. cutting
F. dissolving
G. bending

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the properties of materials can be changed

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by heating P

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by freezing A

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by mixing

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by cutting

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by dissolving

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by bending

Knows that not all materials respond the same way to what is done to them A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,76;CAE,32;IB1E,1.3;N1I,132;NEI,16;NSI,32;TE,49)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that matter has different states (i.e., solid, liquid, gas) and that each state has distinct physical properties; some common materials such as water can be changed from one state to another by heating or cooling A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. States of matter; 2. Properties of substances

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. states of matter
B. physical properties of matter
C. solid
D. liquid
E. gas
F. phase change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that matter has different states A P

Knows that matter can be solid

Knows that matter can be liquid

Knows that matter can be gas

Knows that each state of matter has distinct properties A P

Knows that some common materials can be changed from one state to another A P

Knows that water can change from one state to another by heating A P

Knows that water can change from one state to another by cooling A P

McREL Activity(s)

What’s the Matter with You?

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,77;CAE,31,47;DE,1.2.1;IB1E,5.21;IB2E,26;N1I,132;NSE,31,32;SE,127;TE,49,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant whether it is together, in parts, or in a different state A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Conservation of matter and energy

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant whether it is together, in parts, or in a different state

Vocabulary terms
A. conservation of mass
B. states of matter
C. mass

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant when it’s together A P

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant when it’s in parts A

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant when it’s in a different state A P

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that substances can be classified by their physical and chemical properties (e.g., magnetism, conductivity, density, solubility, boiling and melting points) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,77;CAE,48-49;IB1I,1.4;IB2E,26;NSE,32;TE,62)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that substances can be classified by their physical and chemical properties (e.g., magnetism, conductivity, density, solubility, boiling and melting points)

Vocabulary terms
A. classification of substances
B. physical property of substances
C. chemical property of substances
D. magnetism
E. conductivity
F. density
G. solubility
H. boiling point
I. melting point

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that substances can be classified by physical properties A P

Knows that substances can be classified by chemical properties A

Knows that substances can be classified by magnetism A

Knows that substances can be classified by conductivity A

Knows that substances can be classified by density A P

Knows that substances can be classified by solubility A

Knows that substances can be classified by boiling point

Knows that substances can be classified by melting point

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that materials may be composed of parts that are too small to be seen without magnification

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,146;IB2I,25;N2I,92;NSE,31;OLI,1e;SE,127;T1E,48;TE,59;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. Properties of substances ; 2. Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that materials may be composed of parts that are too small to be seen without magnification

Vocabulary terms
A. composition of material
B. magnification

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that magnification tools, such as microscopes, can be used to see more than the eye allows

Knows that materials are composed of parts that are extremely small

Knows that the eye itself has a natural limit on the size of material that it can see

McREL Activity(s)

The Huge World of Tiny Things

Citation Log: BD(2E,77;CAE,45;IB2I,26)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows that matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms, and different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atoms and molecules

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms, and different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances

Vocabulary terms
A. composition of matter
B. element
C. atomic arrangement

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that matter is made up of atoms A P

Knows that atoms are tiny particles

Knows that different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,78;CAE,44,48;IB2E,26;NSE,28;PE,64;TE,59;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that elements often combine to form compounds (e.g., molecules, crystals) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atoms and molecules

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that elements often combine to form compounds (e.g., molecules, crystals)

Vocabulary terms
A. element
B. molecule
C. crystal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows atoms can combine to form a molecule A

Knows that atoms can combine to form a crystal A

Knows that elements combine to form compounds

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,78;CAE,67;IB2I,26;NSE,31;PE,64,66;SI,154;TE,59;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that states of matter depend on molecular arrangement and motion (e.g., molecules in solids are packed tightly together and their movement is restricted to vibrations; molecules in liquids are loosely packed and move easily past each other; molecules in gases are quite far apart and move about freely) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. States of matter; 2. Atoms and molecules

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. condensation
B. evaporation
C. freezing
D. melting
E. molecular arrangement
F. molecular motion
G. molecules in a solid
H. molecules in a liquid
I. molecules in a gas

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that states of matter depend on molecular arrangement A P

Knows that states of matter depend on molecular motion A P

Knows that the molecules in solids are packed tightly together P

Knows that the movement of molecules in solids is restricted to vibrations

Knows that the molecules in liquids are loosely packed

Knows that the molecules in liquids move easily past each other A

Knows that the molecules in gases are far apart A

Knows that the molecules in gases move about freely P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,78;CAE,135;IB2E,26;IBCE,54;IBPE,52;NSE,31;PE,66;SE,179;TI,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that substances containing only one kind of atom are elements and do not break down by normal laboratory reactions (e.g., heating, exposure to electric current, reaction with acids); over 100 different elements exist A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. element
B. chemical element
C. stability of elements

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that substances containing only one kind of atom are elements A

Knows that elements do not break down by normal laboratory reactions

Knows that elements cannot be broken down by heating

Knows that elements cannot be broken down by exposure to electric current

Knows that elements cannot be broken down by reactions with acids

Knows that over 100 different elements exist

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,78;CAE,49;IB2E,26;NSE,31;SE,154;TI,59)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that many elements can be grouped according to similar properties (e.g., highly reactive metals, less-reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals, almost completely nonreactive gases)

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that many elements can be grouped according to similar properties (e.g., highly reactive metals, less-reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals, almost completely nonreactive gases)

Vocabulary terms
A. grouping of elements
B. properties of elements
C. Alkali metal
D. Alkaline Earth metal
E. Transition metal
F. Halogen
G. Noble gas

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that almost completely nonreactive gases can be grouped together

Knows that highly reactive metals can be grouped together

Knows that less-reactive metals can be grouped together

Knows that highly reactive nonmetals can be grouped together

Citation Log: BD(2E,78-79;CAI,67;IBCE,49-50;NSE,31;SI,154;TE,59)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the conservation of mass in physical and chemical change (e.g., no matter how substances within a closed system interact with one another, the total weight of the system remains the same; the same number of atoms of a single element weighs the same, no matter how the atoms are arranged) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Conservation of matter and energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. conservation of mass in physical change
B. conservation of mass in chemical change
C. physical change
D. chemical change
E. closed system
F. atomic weight
G. atomic arrangement

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the conservation of mass in a physical change A P

Understands the conservation of mass in a chemical change A

Understands that no matter how substances interact in a closed system, the total weight remains the same

Understands that the same number of atoms of a single element weighs the same, no matter how the atoms are arranged

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,79;CAE,141;IB2E,26;IBCE,45;N2I,92;NSE,32;PE,61-62;TE,60,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows methods used to separate mixtures into their component parts (boiling, filtering, chromatography, screening) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Knows methods used to separate mixtures into their component parts (boiling, filtering, chromatography, screening)

Vocabulary terms
A. separation method
B. separating a mixture
C. boiling
D. filtering
E. chromatography
F. screening

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that screening is a method used to separate mixtures into component parts

Knows that boiling is a method used to separate mixtures into component parts A

Knows that filtering is a method used to separate mixtures into component parts A

Knows that chromatography is a method used to separate mixtures into component parts

Knows mixtures are made of parts A

McREL Activity(s)

Candy Chromatography

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,69;IB2I,26;IBCI,112-113;NSI,91;PE,61;SE,154;TE,48,59)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that substances react chemically in characteristic ways with other substances to form new substances (compounds) with different characteristic properties A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. Chemical reactions ; 2. Properties of substances

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Knows that substances react chemically in characteristic ways with other substances to form new substances (compounds) with different characteristic properties

Vocabulary terms
A. chemical reaction
B. chemical compound

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that chemical reactions may result in the formation of new substances A P

Knows that compounds are made from two of more different substances A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,48,141;IB2E,26;N2I,92;NEI,34;NSE,32;SE,154;TE,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows factors that influence reaction rates (e.g., types of substances involved, temperature, concentration of reactant molecules, amount of contact between reactant molecules) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 9.

Knows factors that influence reaction rates (e.g., types of substances involved, temperature, concentration of reactant molecules, amount of contact between reactant molecules)

Vocabulary terms
A. reaction rate
B. effect of temperature on reaction rate
C. concentration of reactants
D. surface area of reactants

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the amount of contact between reactant molecules influences reaction rates A

Knows the types of substances involved in a reaction influence reaction rates A

Knows the temperature of substances involved in a reaction influences reaction rates

Knows the concentration of reactant molecules influences reaction rates

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,78;B2E,111;CAE,210;IBCE,72;PE,63;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

10.

Knows that oxidation is the loss of electrons, and commonly involves the combining of oxygen with another substance (e.g., the processes of burning and rusting) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 10.

Knows that oxidation is the loss of electrons, and commonly involves the combining of oxygen with another substance (e.g., the processes of burning and rusting)

Vocabulary terms
A. oxidation
B. oxygen
C. process of burning
D. process of rusting
E. loss of electrons

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that rusting is an example of oxidation A

Knows that burning is an example of oxidation

Knows that oxidation is the loss of electrons

Knows that oxidation commonly involves the combining of oxygen with another substance A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,78-79;IBCE,61;NSI,40;PE,63;TE,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows the structure of an atom (e.g., negative electrons occupy most of the space in the atom; neutrons and positive protons make up the nucleus of the atom; protons and neutrons are almost two thousand times heavier than an electron; the electric force between the nucleus and electrons holds the atom together) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atomic structure

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. atomic structure
B. electron
C. neutron
D. proton
E. atomic nucleus
F. weight of subatomic particles
G. electric force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the electric force between the nucleus and electrons hold atoms together

Knows that negative electrons occupy most of space in atom A

Knows that neutrons and positive protons make up nucleus of atom A

Knows that protons are almost two thousand times heavier than electrons

Knows that neutrons are almost two thousand times heavier than electrons

Knows that neutrons and protons are made of even smaller constituents

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,80,253;CAE,134;IB2E,26;IBCE,47;IBPE,61;N3I,82;NSE,31;PI,70,119;SE,178;TE,59)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands how elements are arranged in the periodic table, and how this arrangement shows repeating patterns among elements with similar properties (e.g., numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons; relation between atomic number and atomic mass)

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. periodic table of the elements
B. arrangement of elements
C. proton
D. neutron
E. electron
F. atomic number
G. atomic mass

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the arrangement of elements in the periodic table

Understands how the arrangement of elements in the periodic table shows repeating patterns among elements with similar properties

Understands the periodic table shows patterns in the numbers of protons

Understands that the periodic table shows patterns in the numbers of neutrons

Understands that the periodic table shows patterns in the numbers of electrons

Understands how the periodic table shows the relation between atomic number and atomic mass

Citation Log: BD(2E,80;CAE,186;IB2I,26;IBCE,49-50;N3I,82;NSE,31,246;PE,70;SE,178-179;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how the electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of an element as atoms interact with one another by transferring or sharing the outermost electrons

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. Atoms and molecules; 2. Atomic structure; 3. Properties of substances

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Knows how the electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of an element as atoms interact with one another by transferring or sharing the outermost electrons

Vocabulary terms
A. electron configuration
B. chemical property of elements
C. atomic interaction
D. electron transfer
E. electron sharing

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how the electron configuration of an atom governs the chemical properties of that element

Knows that atoms interact by transferring or sharing their outermost electrons

Citation Log: BD(2E,80;CAE,191;IB2I,26;IBCI,49-52;N3I,82;NSE,32;PE,71;SE,178;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that atoms may be bonded together into molecules or crystalline solids, and compounds are formed from chemical bonds between two or more different kinds of atoms A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atoms and molecules

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that atoms may be bonded together into molecules or crystalline solids, and compounds are formed from chemical bonds between two or more different kinds of atoms

Vocabulary terms
A. atomic bonding principles
B. crystalline solid
C. formation of compound
D. chemical bond

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that atoms may be bonded together into molecules P

Knows that atoms may be bonded together into crystalline solids P

Knows that compounds form from chemical bonds between two or more different atoms A

McREL Activity(s)

Modeling Chemical Bonding

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,80;CAE,134-135;IB2E,26;IBCE,51-52;N3I,82;NSI,32;PI,71;SE,179;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the physical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure (e.g., constituent atoms, distances and angles between them) and the interactions among these molecules

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. Properties of substances ; 2. Atoms and molecules

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that the physical properties of a compound are determined by its molecular structure (e.g., constituent atoms, distances and angles between them) and the interactions among these molecules

Vocabulary terms
A. physical properties of compounds
B. molecular structure
C. molecular interaction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that molecular structure determines the physical properties of a compound P

Knows that the molecular structure of a compound includes constituent atoms

Knows that the molecular structure of a compound includes the distance between constituent atoms

Knows that the molecular structure of a compound includes the angles between constituent atoms

Knows that the interactions among molecules determines the physical properties of a compound P

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,80;CAI,193;IB2E,26;IBCE,52-53;N3I,82;NSE,31;PE,71;SE,179;TI,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the number of electrons in an atom determines whether the atom is electrically neutral or an ion (i.e., electrically neutral atoms contain equal numbers of protons and electrons; a positively charged atom has lost one or more electrons; a negatively charged atom has gained one or more electrons) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atomic structure

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. electron
B. ion
C. electrically neutral atom
D. proton
E. positively charged atom
F. negatively charged atom

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the number of electrons in an atom determine whether that atom is electrically neutral

Knows that the number of electrons in an atom determine whether that atom is an ion A

Knows that electrically neutral atoms contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

Knows a positively charged atom has lost one or more electrons

Knows a negatively charged atom has gained one or more electrons A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,80;CAE,186;DE,10.4.7;IBBE,46;IBCE,47,51;N3I,82;NSE,31;PI,70-71)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that most elements have two or more isotopes (i.e., atoms that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus); although the number of neutrons has little effect on how the atom interacts with others, it does affect the mass and stability of the nucleus

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atomic structure

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. isotope
B. neutron
C. atomic nucleus
D. nuclear mass
E. nuclear stability

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that most elements have two or more isotopes

Knows that isotopes are atoms that differ by the number of neutrons in the nucleus

Knows that the number of neutrons in the nucleus has little effect on how that atom interacts with others

Knows that the number of neutrons in the nucleus affects the mass of the nucleus

Knows that the number of neutrons in the nucleus affects the stability of the nucleus

Citation Log: BD(2E,80;CAE,146;IB2I,26;IBCE,47;N3I,82;NSE,31;PE,70;SE,178)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how radioactive isotopes can be used to estimate the age of materials that contain them because radioactive isotopes undergo spontaneous nuclear reactions and emit particles and/or wavelike radiation; the decay of any one nucleus cannot be predicted, but a large group of identical nuclei decay at a predictable rate, which can be used to estimate the material’s age A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. Atomic structure; 2. Earth’s history

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 8.

Vocabulary terms
A. radioactive isotope
B. decay rate
C. radioactive dating
D. spontaneous nuclear reaction
E. particle emission

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how radioactive isotopes can be used to estimate the age of materials that contain them

Knows how radioactive isotopes undergo spontaneous nuclear reaction

Knows that radioactive isotopes emit particles

Knows that radioactive isotopes emit wavelike radiation

Knows that the decay of one nucleus cannot be predicted

Knows that a large group of identical nuclei decay at a predictable rate which can estimate a material’s age A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,80;CAE,218;DI,2.4.5;IBBI,96;IBCI,107;IBPE,61-62,76;N3E,82;PE,119;SE,178)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that neutrons and protons are made up of even smaller constituents

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atomic structure

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 9.

Knows that neutrons and protons are made up of even smaller constituents

Vocabulary terms
A. neutron
B. proton
C. elementary particle

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that neutrons are made up of smaller constituents

Knows that protons are made up of smaller constituents

Citation Log: BD(2E,80;CAE,218;IIB2E,26;IBPE,76)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

10.

Understands that chemical reactions either release or consume energy (i.e., some changes of atomic or molecular configuration require an input of energy; others release energy) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 10.

Understands that chemical reactions either release or consume energy (i.e., some changes of atomic or molecular configuration require an input of energy; others release energy)

Vocabulary terms
A. atomic configuration
B. molecular configuration
C. endothermic reaction
D. exothermic reaction

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that some changes of atomic configuration may release energy

Understands that some changes of atomic configuration require an input of energy

Understand that some changes of molecular configuration require an input of energy

Understands that some changes of molecular configuration may release energy A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,86;CAE,207;IB2E,25;IBCI,55-56,71;IBPI,51-52;N3I,82;NEE,54;NSE,29,34;SE,179;TE,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

11.

Knows that chemical reactions can take place at vastly different rates (e.g., from the few femtoseconds required for an atom to move a fraction of a chemical bond distance to geologic times scales of billions of years) and reaction rates depend on a variety of factors that influence the frequency of collision of reactant molecules (e.g., shape and surface area of the reacting species, temperature, pressure, the presence or absence of a catalyst)

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 11.

Vocabulary terms
A. chemical reaction rate
B. atomic interaction
C. molecular interaction
D. pressure
E. catalyst
F. femtosecond

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that chemical reactions take place at different rates

Knows that it takes a few femtoseconds for an atom to move a fraction of a chemical bond distance

Knows that chemical reactions can take billions of years

Knows that reaction rates depend on factors that influence the frequency of collision of reactant molecules

Knows that reaction rates depend on the shape of the reacting species

Knows that reaction rates depend on the surface area of the reacting species

Knows that reaction rates depend on temperature

Knows that reaction rates depend on pressure

Knows that reaction rates depend on the presence of a catalyst

10.

Knows that reaction rates depend on the absence of a catalyst

Citation Log: BD(2E,80;CAE,209-210;IBCE,57,72,83;N3I,82;PE,69;SE,179)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

12.

Knows that chemical reactions can be accelerated by catalysts (e.g., metallic surfaces, enzymes)

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 12.

Knows that chemical reactions can be accelerated by catalysts (e.g., metallic surfaces, enzymes)

Vocabulary terms
A. chemical reaction rate
B. catalyst
C. enzyme
D. metallic surface

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that enzymes act as catalysts in chemical reactions

Knows that metallic surfaces act as catalysts in chemical reactions

Citation Log: BD(CAE,210;IBBE,69,91;IBCI,73,83,94;N3I,82;PI,75-76;SE,179;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

13.

Understands the complete mole concept and ways in which it can be used (e.g., actual mass vs. relative mass; relationship between the mole and the volume of a mole of molecules; relevance of molar volume and Avogadro’s hypothesis) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atoms and molecules

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 13.

Vocabulary terms
A. mole
B. actual mass
C. relative mass
D. molar volume
E. Avogadro’s hypothesis

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the complete mole concept

Understands ways the mole concept can be used

Understands actual mass vs. relative mass

Understands the relationship between the mole and the volume of a mole of molecules

Understands the relevance of molar volume A

Understands the relevance of Avogadro’s hypothesis

McREL Activity(s)

Full of Air

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,195-196;IBCE,44-45;IBPI,53;PE,73)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

14.

Knows the variety of structures that may be formed from the bonding of carbon atoms (e.g., synthetic polymers, oils, the large molecules essential to life) and their roles in various chemical reactions, including those required for life processes

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. Atoms and molecules; 2. Chemical reactions

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 14.

Vocabulary terms
A. atomic bond
B. carbon atom
C. synthetic polymer
D. oil
E. biological molecule
F. organic chemistry

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows structures that are formed from the bonding of carbon atoms

Knows that synthetic polymers form from bonding carbon atoms

Knows that oils form from bonding carbon atoms

Knows that large molecules essential to life form from bonding carbon atoms

Knows the roles that structures formed from carbon atoms play in chemical reactions

Knows the roles that structures formed from carbon atoms play in chemical reactions required for life

McREL Activity(s)

Proud to be Organic

Citation Log: BD(CAI,143,213;IBBE,46-47;ICE,63-66,79-80,91-92;NSE,32;PI,75;SE,179)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

15.

Knows that a large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 15.

Vocabulary terms
A. oxidation-reduction reaction
B. electron transfer
C. hydrogen ion
D. acid-base reaction
E. reacting ion
F. reacting molecule
G. reacting atom

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that oxidation/reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons

Knows that a large number of reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reacting ions

Knows that a large number of reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules

Knows that a large number of reactions involve the transfer of electrons between atoms

Knows that acid/base reactions involve the transfer of hydrogen ions A P

Knows that a large number of reactions involve the transfer of hydrogen ions between reacting ions

Knows that a large number of reactions involve the transfer of hydrogen ions between molecules

Knows that a large number of reactions involve the transfer of hydrogen ions between atoms

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,197,202;IBCE,59-62,75-78,84,116;N3I,82;NSE,32;PE,69,73-74;SE,179;TE,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

16.

Understands radical reactions and their role in natural and human processes (e.g., ozone and green house gases in the atmosphere; burning and processing of fossil fuels; formation of polymers; explosions) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 16.

Vocabulary terms
A. radical reaction
B. ozone
C. green house gas
D. fossil fuel
E. polymerization

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands radical reactions

Understands the role of radical reactions in natural processes

Understands the role of radical reactions in human processes

Understands the role of radical reactions in ozone depletion and creation A

Understands the role of radical reactions in the presence of green house gases

Understands the role of radical reactions in the burning of fossil fuels

Understands the role of radical reactions in the processing of fossil fuels

Understands the role of radical reactions in the formation of polymers

Understands the role of radical reactions in explosions

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,275-276;IB2I,28;IBEI,42,43;IBCE,96-97,99,114;N3I,82;NSI,41;SE,179)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

17.

Understands the properties of solutions and mixtures (e.g., saturation, concentration, solubility) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 17.

Understands the properties of solutions and mixtures (e.g., saturation, concentration, solubility)

Vocabulary terms
1. solution
2. mixture
3. saturation
4. concentration
5. solubility

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the properties of solutions A

Understands the properties of mixtures A

Knows that saturation is a property of a solution

Knows that concentration is a property of a solution

Understands solubility

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(IBBI,44;IB2E,26;IBCE,46;IEI,32;NSE,37;OLI,1e;PE,62,68;SE,154;TE,59)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Understands how the model of atomic structure has changed over time

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 1.

Understands how the model of atomic structure has changed over time

Vocabulary terms
1. model of atomic structure
2. history of atomic structure

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the major discoveries made by scientists

Knows how experimental evidence about atomic structure has led to changes in the atomic model

Citation Log: BD(CBE,114;TX2E,18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the principles of kinetic molecular theory

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 2.

Understands the principles of kinetic molecular theory

Vocabulary terms
1. molecular collision
2. constant, random motion of particles
3. perfectly elastic collisions
4. average kinetic energy
5. kinetic energy curve

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that kinetic molecular theory assumes that particles travel in a straight line until they collide with another particle or the walls of the container

Knows that kinetic molecular theory assumes that most of the volume of a gas is empty space

Knows that kinetic molecular theory assumes that there is no attraction between particles or between particles and the walls of the container

Knows that kinetic molecular theory assumes that no energy is lost when particles collide with each other or a particle collides with the walls of the container

Knows that kinetic molecular theory assumes that the average kinetic energy of a collection of particles depends on the temperature of the gas

Knows that kinetic molecular theory assumes that the pressure of a gas is the result of the collision of particles with the walls of the container

Knows that the kinetic molecular theory explains the macroscopic properties of gases

Citation Log: BD(CBE,119;TX2E,19)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the principles of ideal gas behavior

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 3.

Understands the principles of ideal gas behavior

Vocabulary terms
1. ideal gas behavior
2. ideal gas
3. absolute temperature

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an ideal gas is a theoretical gas

Knows that an ideal gas is made up of randomly moving, non-interacting particles

Knows that there are no intermolecular attractive forces in an ideal gas

Knows that most gases behave like an ideal gas at normal ambient conditions

Understands the ideal gas law (PV=nRT)

Citation Log: BD(KE,50;TX2E,19)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands chemical equilibrium (i.e., it is a dynamic state in which the amounts of reactants and products appear constant)

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 4.

Understands chemical equilibrium (i.e., it is a dynamic state in which the amounts of reactants and products appear constant)

Vocabulary terms
1. dynamic equilibrium
2. chemical equilibrium
3. forward reaction
4. reverse reaction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that some chemical reactions are reversible

Knows that a reaction is at equilibrium when the forward chemical reaction takes place at the same rate as the backward, or reverse reaction

Knows that dynamic equilibrium results in no net changes in products or reactants over time

Citation Log: BD(CBE,129;TX2E,18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands chemical kinetics (e.g., for a chemical reaction to occur, reacting particles must collide in the appropriate orientation with enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier)

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 5.

Understands chemical kinetics (e.g., for a chemical reaction to occur, reacting particles must collide in the appropriate orientation with enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier)

Vocabulary terms
1. reaction kinetics
2. rates of chemical processes
3. activation energy barrier
4. orientation of collisions between particles

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that chemical kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical processes

Understands reacting particles must collide in the appropriate orientation

Understands that particles must collide with enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier

Citation Log: BD(CBE,130;TX2E,18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Science

Standard 9 : Understands the sources and properties of energy

Reference code: 2E,81

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Not appropriate at this level

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Not appropriate at this level

Citation Log: (none)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that the Sun supplies heat and light to Earth A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Energy in the Earth system

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that the Sun supplies heat and light to Earth

Vocabulary terms
A. heat from Sun
B. light from Sun

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Sun supplies heat to the Earth A

Knows that the Sun supplies light to the Earth

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,83;CAE,34,45;IB1I,1.3;NEI,17;NSE,82;TE,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that heat can be produced in many ways (e.g., burning, rubbing, mixing substances together) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that heat can be produced in many ways (e.g., burning, rubbing, mixing substances together)

Vocabulary terms
A. heat production
B. burning
C. rubbing
D. mixing

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that heat can be produced by mixing substances together

Knows that heat can be produced by burning P

Knows that heat can be produced by rubbing things together A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,46;N1E,132;NEI,17;NSE,33;SE,127)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce light, heat, sound, and magnetic effects

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Electricity and Magnetism; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce light, heat, sound, and magnetic effects

Vocabulary terms
A. electricity
B. circuit
C. light
D. heat
E. sound
F. magnetic effect

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce light

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce heat

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce sound

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce magnetic effects

Citation Log: BD(CAE,46;IB1I,1.4;N1I,132;NSE,34;SE,127;TI,49)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that sound is produced by vibrating objects

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Vibrations and waves

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that sound is produced by vibrating objects

Vocabulary terms
A. production of sound
B. vibration

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that vibrating objects move back and forth rapidly

McREL Activity(s)

Jitterbug and Shake, Rattle, and Vibrate

Citation Log: BD(2E,89;CAE,38,46;N1E,132;NSE,33;SE,127;TE,49;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of light
B. movement of light

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that light always travels from a source A

Knows that we see objects because light strikes them

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,49;IB1E,1.3;N1E,132;NSE,33;SE,127;TI,49,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that heat is often produced as a byproduct when one form of energy is converted to another form (e.g., when machines and living organisms convert stored energy to motion)

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that heat is often produced as a byproduct when one form of energy is converted to another form (e.g., when machines and living organisms convert stored energy to motion)

Vocabulary terms
A. heat byproduct
B. energy conversion
C. forms of energy
D. machine
E. organism
F. stored energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that heat is produced when living organisms convert stored energy to motion

Knows that heat is produced when machines convert stored energy to motion

Citation Log: BD(2I,84;CAE,45;NSE,34;TI,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that heat can move from one object to another by conduction and that some materials conduct heat better than others A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that heat can move from one object to another by conduction and that some materials conduct heat better than others

Vocabulary terms
A. heat transfer
B. heat conduction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows heat moves from one object to another by conduction A P

Knows that some materials conduct heat better than others A P

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that light can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,84;CAE,93;IB2I,25;NSE,31,33;SE,127;TE,49,62)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that light can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed

Vocabulary terms
A. light reflection
B. light refraction
C. light absorption

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that light can be reflected A

Knows that light can be refracted

Knows that light can be absorbed A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,49-50;IB1I,1.3;N1I,132;NSE,33;SE,127;TE,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the vibration producing it A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Vibrations and waves

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that the pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the vibration producing it

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of sound
B. pitch
C. frequency of vibration

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that pitch is the highness or lowness of a sound

Knows that high frequency vibrations produce high sounds A

Knows that low frequency vibrations produce low sounds

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,38;N1I,132;IBPI,91;NSE,33;SE,127;TE,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows that energy is a property of many substances (e.g., heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules and in radiation; chemical energy is in the arrangement of atoms; mechanical energy is in moving bodies or in elastically distorted shapes; electrical energy is in the attraction or repulsion between charges) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. energy as a property
B. heat energy
C. molecular motion
D. chemical energy
E. atomic arrangement
F. mechanical energy
G. electrical energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electrical energy is in the repulsion between charges

Knows that heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules

Knows that heat energy is in radiation

Knows that chemical energy is in the arrangement of atoms

Knows that electrical energy is in the attraction between charges

Knows that mechanical energy is in moving bodies

Knows that mechanical energy is in elastically distorted shapes A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,85;CAE,93-94;IB2E,25;N2I,92;NSI,33;PI,105-106;SE,155;TI,62)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the law of conservation of energy (i.e., energy cannot be created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Conservation of matter and energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Understands the law of conservation of energy (i.e., energy cannot be created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another)

Vocabulary terms
A. conservation of energy
B. changing forms of energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that energy can change from one form to another A P

Understands that energy cannot be created P

Understand that energy cannot be destroyed P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,85;CAE,163;IB2E,25;IBPE,50;N2I,92;NSE,34;PI,65;SI,155;TI,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer materials or regions to cooler ones through conduction, convection, and radiation A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer materials or regions to cooler ones through conduction, convection, and radiation

Vocabulary terms
A. thermal equilibrium
B. transfer of heat by conduction
C. transfer of heat by convection
D. transfer of heat by radiation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer to cooler materials A

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer to cooler areas through conduction

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer to cooler areas through convection

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer to cooler areas through radiation

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,85;CAE,93;IB2E,25;IBPE,51;N2I,92;NSE,33;PE,107;SI,155;TE,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how the Sun acts as a major source of energy for changes on the Earth’s surface (i.e., the Sun loses energy by emitting light; some of this light is transferred to the Earth in a range of wavelengths including visible light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet radiation) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Energy in the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. Sun as an energy source
B. light emission
C. wavelengths of light
D. visible light
E. infrared radiation
F. ultraviolet radiation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that sunlight is transferred to the Earth in ultraviolet radiation A

Knows that the Sun loses energy by emitting light A

Knows that sunlight is transferred to the Earth in a range of wavelengths

Knows that sunlight is transferred to the Earth in visible light

Knows that sunlight is transferred to the Earth in infrared radiation

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,45,46;DI,1.3.3;PE,65;NSE,33,34;SE,155)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy to produce heat, light, sound, and chemical changes A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Electricity and Magnetism; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy to produce heat, light, sound, and chemical changes

Vocabulary terms
A. transfer of electrical energy
B. electrical energy
C. chemical change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electrical circuits transfer electrical energy to produce heat A

Knows that electrical circuits transfer electrical energy to produce light

Knows that electrical circuits transfer electrical energy to produce sound A

Knows that electrical circuits transfer electrical energy to produce chemical changes

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,59;IB2E,25;IBPI,58-59;NSE,34;SE,155;TI,62,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that most chemical and nuclear reactions involve a transfer of energy (e.g., heat, light, mechanical motion, electricity) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Chemical reactions ; 2. Nuclear reactions and forces; 3. Energy transfer and entropy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Knows that most chemical and nuclear reactions involve a transfer of energy (e.g., heat, light, mechanical motion, electricity)

Vocabulary terms
A. energy transfer in chemical reactions
B. energy transfer in nuclear reactions

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that most chemical reactions involve a transfer of energy A

Knows that chemical reactions can involve a transfer of heat A

Knows that chemical reactions can involve a transfer of light

Knows that chemical reactions can involve a transfer of mechanical motion A

Knows that chemical reactions can involve a transfer of electricity

Knows that most nuclear reactions involve a transfer of energy

Knows that nuclear reactions can involve a transfer of heat

Knows that nuclear reactions can involve a transfer of light

Knows that nuclear reactions can involve a transfer of mechanical motion

10.

Knows that nuclear reactions can involve a transfer of electricity

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,85;CAE,142;IB2E,25;IBCI,55;N2I,92;NSE,34;PE,64;SE,155;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that vibrations (e.g., sounds, earthquakes) move at different speeds in different materials, have different wavelengths, and set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from the source A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Vibrations and waves

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Knows that vibrations (e.g., sounds, earthquakes) move at different speeds in different materials, have different wavelengths, and set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from the source

Vocabulary terms
A. speed of vibration
B. sound vibration
C. earthquake vibration
D. wavelength

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that vibrations move at different speeds in different materials

Knows that sounds move at different speeds in different materials A

Knows that earthquakes move at different speeds in different materials

Knows that vibrations have different wavelengths

Knows that sounds have different wavelengths

Knows that earthquakes have different wavelengths

Knows that vibrations set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from their source

Knows that sounds set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from their source A

Knows that earthquakes set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from their source

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,90;CAE,173-174;IBPI,55;NSE,293;PI,109;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, light) have energy and interact with matter (e.g., light scattering) and can transfer energy (e.g., light absorption) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Vibrations and waves ; 2. Energy transfer and entropy; 3. Forms of energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Knows that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, light) have energy and interact with matter (e.g., light scattering) and can transfer energy (e.g., light absorption)

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of waves
B. sound wave
C. seismic wave
D. water wave
E. light wave
F. energy transfer and waves
G. interaction with matter

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that waves have energy P

Knows that waves interact with matter

Knows that sound waves have energy A

Knows that seismic waves have energy

Knows that water waves have energy

Knows that light waves have energy P

Knows that waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter

Knows that sound waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter A

Knows that seismic waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter

10.

Knows that water waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter

11.

Knows that light waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter

12.

Knows that light interacts with matter by scattering A

13.

Knows that light interacts with matter by absorption A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,92;CAE,172;IB2I,25;IBPE,55;N3I,82;NSE,33;SE,180;TI,63;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that only a narrow range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be seen by the human eye; differences of wavelength within that range of visible light are perceived as differences in color

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 9.

Vocabulary terms
A. wavelength
B. electromagnetic radiation
C. visible light
D. color of light

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that only a narrow range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be seen by the human eye

Knows that differences in wavelength in the range of visible light are perceived as differences in color

Citation Log: BD(2E,90;CAE,119;IB2I,25;IBPI,74-75;NSI,31;TE,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

10.

Knows the organization of a simple electrical circuit (e.g., battery or generator, wire, a complete loop through which the electrical current can pass) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 10.

Knows the organization of a simple electrical circuit (e.g., battery or generator, wire, a complete loop through which the electrical current can pass)

Vocabulary terms
A. electrical circuit
B. battery
C. generator
D. electrical current

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an electrical current needs a complete loop through which to pass A

Knows that a simple electrical circuit can be formed from a battery, wire, and a complete loop A

McREL Activity(s)

Light Bright

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,56;IB2I,25;IBPI,58-59;N1I,132;NSE,34;SE,127;TE,50,63;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

11.

Understands the origins and environmental impacts of renewable and nonrenewable resources, including energy sources like fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Environmental issues; 2. Energy in the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 11.

Understands the origins and environmental impacts of renewable and nonrenewable resources, including energy sources like fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas)

Vocabulary terms
A. energy
B. fossil fuel
C. renewable energy resources
D. nonrenewable energy resources

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the origins of renewable energy resources A

Understands the origins of nonrenewable energy resources A

Understands the origins of fossil fuels A

Understands the origins of coal

Understands the origins of oil

Understands the origins of natural gas

Understands that coal is a form of nonrenewable energy

Understands that oil is a form of nonrenewable energy A

Understands that natural gas is a form of nonrenewable energy

10.

Understands that coal is a fossil fuel

11.

Understands that oil is a fossil fuel

12.

Understands that natural gas is a fossil fuel

13.

Understands the environmental impacts of renewable energy resources A

14.

Understands the environmental impacts of nonrenewable energy resources A P

15.

Understands the environmental impacts of fossil fuels A

16.

Understands the environmental impacts of coal

17.

Understands the environmental impacts of oil

18.

Understands the environmental impacts of natural gas

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,194;IB2E,26,28;IBCE,106;IBEE,28,39;IBPE,88-89;N2E,93;NSE,83;PE,65,82,87;TE,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Understands the concept of entropy (e.g., although the total energy of the universe remains constant, matter tends to become steadily less ordered as various energy transfers occur; the energy tends to spread out uniformly, thereby decreasing the amount of useful energy)

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Energy transfer and entropy

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. entropy
B. energy in the universe
C. energy transfer

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that energy tends to spread out uniformly, decreasing the amount of useful energy

Understands that the total energy in the universe remains constant

Understands that matter tends to become steadily less ordered as energy transfers occur

Citation Log: BD(2E,86;CAE,170;IBCI,56;IBPE,69,87-88;N3I,82;NSE,34;PI,114;SE,180;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that all energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy (energy of motion), potential energy (depends on relative position), or energy contained by a field (electromagnetic waves)

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that all energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy (energy of motion), potential energy (depends on relative position), or energy contained by a field (electromagnetic waves)

Vocabulary terms
A. kinetic energy
B. potential energy
C. electromagnetic field

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that energy can be kinetic energy P

Knows that energy can be potential energy

Knows that energy can be energy contained by a field

Knows that kinetic energy is the energy of motion

Knows that potential energy depends on relative position

Knows that energy contained by a field are electromagnetic waves

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,184;IB2I,25;IBPI,50;NSE,28,33;PI,114;SE,180;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the relationship between heat and temperature (heat energy consists of the random motion and vibrations of atoms, molecules, and ions; the higher the temperature, the greater the atomic or molecular motion) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Atoms and molecules

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. heat and temperature relationship

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that a higher temperature indicates greater molecular motion P

Understands that heat energy partly consists of the random motion of atoms

Understands that heat energy partly consists of the random motion of molecules A

Understands that heat energy partly consists of the random motion of ions

Understands that heat energy partly consists of the vibration of atoms

Understands that heat energy partly consists of the vibrations of molecules

Understands that heat energy partly consists of the vibrations of ions

Understands that a higher temperature indicates greater atomic motion

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,86;CAE,207;IBCI,54;IBPE,51;N3I,82;NSI,32;PI,121;SE,180;TI,62)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how the energy associated with individual atoms and molecules can be used to identify the substances they comprise; each kind of atom or molecule can gain or lose energy only in particular discrete amounts, and thus can absorb and emit light only at wavelengths corresponding to these amounts

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Atoms and molecules; 2. Properties of substances

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. atomic energy
B. molecular energy
C. identification of substances
D. quantum of energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how the energy of individual atoms can be used to identify the substances they comprise

Knows how the energy of individual molecules can be used to identify the substances they comprise

Knows that each kind of atom can gain energy only in particular discrete amounts

Knows that each kind of atom can lose energy only in particular discrete amounts

Knows that each kind of atom can absorb light at wavelengths corresponding to the amount of energy gained or lost

Knows that each kind of atom can emit light at wavelengths corresponding to the amount of energy gained or lost

Knows that each kind of molecule can gain energy only in particular discrete amounts

Knows that each kind of molecule can lose energy only in particular discrete amounts

Knows that each kind of molecule can absorb light at wavelengths corresponding to the amount of energy gained or lost

10.

Knows that each kind of molecule can emit light at wavelengths corresponding to the amount of energy gained or lost

Citation Log: BD(2E,86;CAI,190;IBCI,111;IBPE,74,82-83;N3I,82;PE,124;SE,180-181)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that nuclear reactions convert a fraction of the mass of interacting particles into energy (fission involves the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller pieces; fusion is the joining of two nuclei at extremely high temperature and pressure) and release much greater amounts of energy than atomic interactions A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Nuclear reactions and forces; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. mass to energy conversion
B. nuclear fission
C. nuclear fusion
D. atomic nucleus
E. atomic reaction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that nuclear reactions convert a fraction of the mass of interacting particles into energy A

Knows that fission involves the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller pieces

Knows that fusion is the joining of two nuclei at extremely high temperature and pressure A

Knows that nuclear reactions release a much greater amount of energy than atomic interactions

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,86;CAE,216;IB2I,25;IBCE,107;IBPE,62-63,83;N3I,82;NSE,33;PE,121;SE,178)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands that waves have characteristic properties (e.g., wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed) and behaviors (e.g., reflection, refraction, transmission, interference) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Vibrations and waves

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Understands that waves have characteristic properties (e.g., wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed) and behaviors (e.g., reflection, refraction, transmission, interference)

Vocabulary terms
1. wavelength
2. frequency
3. wave amplitude
4. wave speed
5. reflection
6. refraction
6. wave transmission
7. wave interference

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that waves have characteristic properties A

Understands that wavelength is a characteristic property of a wave A

Understands that frequency is a characteristic property of a wave A

Understands that amplitude is a characteristic property of a wave A

Understands that speed is a characteristic property of a wave

Understands that waves have characteristic behaviors

Understands that reflection is a characteristic behavior of a wave A P

Understands that refraction is a characteristic behavior of a wave A

Understands that transmission is a characteristic behavior of a wave A

10.

Understands that interference is a characteristic behavior of a wave

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,92;IB2I,25;IBCI,47;IBPE,54-56,114-118;SI,155,180;NSE,24;PE86,116;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the range of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, gamma rays); electromagnetic waves result when a charged object is accelerated or decelerated, and the energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude is inversely proportional to the wavelength

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Vibrations and waves

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. electromagnetic spectrum
B. radio wave
C. microwave
D. x-ray
E. gamma ray
F. electromagnetic wave
G. wave packet
H. wave amplitude

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the range of the electromagnetic spectrum

Knows the electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves

Knows the electromagnetic spectrum includes microwaves

Knows the electromagnetic spectrum includes infrared radiation

Knows the electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light

Knows the electromagnetic spectrum includes ultraviolet radiation

Knows the electromagnetic spectrum includes x-rays

Knows the electromagnetic spectrum includes gamma-rays

Knows that electromagnetic waves result when a charged object is accelerated

10.

Knows that electromagnetic waves result when a charged object is decelerated

11.

Knows that the energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude is inversely proportional to their wavelength

Citation Log: BD(2E,92;CAE,119,174;IB2I,25;IBCI,110;IBPE,74-75,113;NSE,33;PI,121,124;SE,180;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

10.

Understands forces and motion

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Science

Standard 10 : Understands forces and motion

Reference code: 2E,87,93

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Knows the effects of forces (e.g., wind, gravity) in nature

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows the effects of forces (e.g., wind, gravity) in nature

Vocabulary terms
A. force
B. nature
C. effect of gravity
D. effect of winds
E. effect of force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the effects of gravity in nature

Knows the effects of wind in nature

Citation Log: BD(IB1I,1.3;ILE; NEI,16;)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that objects can be moved in space in a number of ways (e.g., pushing, pulling, sinking)

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topics

1. Forces and motion; 2. Position and motion

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that objects can be moved in space in a number of ways (e.g., pushing, pulling, sinking)

Vocabulary terms
A. movement
B. object
C. pushing
D. pulling
E. sinking

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that objects can be moved in space

Knows that objects can be moved by pushing them

Knows that objects can be moved by pulling them

Knows that objects can be moved by sinking them

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;MHE,54,57;NZI,90,91;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that magnets can be used to make some things move without being touched

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that magnets can be used to make some things move without being touched

Vocabulary terms
A. magnet
B. motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that some things can be moved without physically touching them

Knows that magnetism is not a physical object, but affects physical objects

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that things near the Earth fall to the ground unless something holds them up A

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,38;NSI,31;TI,50;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Gravity

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that things near the Earth fall to the ground unless something holds them up

Vocabulary terms
A. effect of gravity
B. motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that things can fall to the ground A

Knows that things can be stopped from falling to the ground

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,37;NSE,48;TE,50)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to another object or the background A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to another object or the background

Vocabulary terms
A. relative position
B. location

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to another object A P

Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to the background P

McREL Activity(s)

Which Object Do I See?

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,36;N1I,132;NSE,35;SE,127;TI,50;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the position and motion of an object can be changed by pushing or pulling

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topics

1. Forces and motion; 2. Position and motion

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that the position and motion of an object can be changed by pushing or pulling

Vocabulary terms
A. change in object’s position
B. change in object’s motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the position of an object can be changed by pushing

Knows that the motion of an object can be changed by pushing

Knows that the position of an object can be changed by pulling

Knows that the motion of an object can be changed by pulling

Citation Log: BD(2E,89;CAE,37;NSE,36;SE,127;TE,50)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that things move in many different ways (e.g., straight line, zigzag, vibration, circular motion)

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that things move in many different ways (e.g., straight line, zigzag, vibration, circular motion)

Vocabulary terms
A. motion
B. straight line motion
C. zigzag motion
D. vibration
E. circular motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that things can move in a circular motion

Knows that things can move in a straight line

Knows that things can move in a zigzag motion

Knows that things can vibrate

Citation Log: BD(2E,89;CAE,125;NSE,29,48)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that magnets attract and repel each other and attract certain kinds of other materials (e.g., iron, steel) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that magnets attract and repel each other and attract certain kinds of other materials (e.g., iron, steel)

Vocabulary terms
A. magnetic attraction
B. magnetic repulsion
C. metal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that magnets can attract other magnets A

Knows that magnets can repel other magnets A

Knows that magnets attract certain kinds of materials

Knows that magnets attract iron

Knows that magnets attract steel

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,26-27;N1E,132;NSE,31;SE,127;T1E,50;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the Earth’s gravity pulls any object toward it without touching it

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Gravity

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the Earth’s gravity pulls any object toward it without touching it

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s gravity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that gravity is not a physical object, but affects physical objects

Knows that gravity is a property of the Earth

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,37-38;NSE,36;TE,50,67;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that electrically charged material pulls on all other materials and can attract or repel other charged materials

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that electrically charged material pulls on all other materials and can attract or repel other charged materials

Vocabulary terms
A. charged material
B. electrical charge
C. attraction/repulsion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electrically charged material pulls on other materials

Knows that electrically charged material can attract other charged materials

Knows that electrically charged material can repel other charged materials

McREL Activity(s)

All Charged Up!

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,59;NSE,36)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that an object’s motion can be described by tracing and measuring its position over time

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that an object’s motion can be described by tracing and measuring its position over time

Vocabulary terms
A. measurement of motion
B. position over time

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by tracing its position over time

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by measuring its position over time P

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,37;N1E,132;NSE,35;SE,127)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that when a force is applied to an object, the object either speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that when a force is applied to an object, the object either speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction

Vocabulary terms
A. applied force
B. acceleration
C. deceleration
D. change of direction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that when force is applied to an object, the object might speed up

Knows that when force is applied to an object, the object might slow down

Knows that when force is applied to an object, the object might go in a different direction

Citation Log: BD(2I,89;CAE,37;IB2I,25;NSE,36)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the relationship between the strength of a force and its effect on an object (e.g., the greater the force, the greater the change in motion; the more massive the object, the smaller the effect of a given force) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. strength of force
B. effect of force on motion
C. effect of mass on force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the more massive an object, the smaller the effect of a given force P

Knows the greater the force, the greater the change in motion A

McREL Activity(s)

Force and Motion

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,89;CAE,37;NSE,36;SI,127)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Understands general concepts related to gravitational force (e.g., every object exerts gravitational force on every other object; this force depends on the mass of the objects and their distance from one another; gravitational force is hard to detect unless at least one of the objects, such as the Earth, has a lot of mass) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Gravity

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. gravitational force
B. factors affecting gravitational force

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that gravitational force is hard to detect unless one of the objects has a lot of mass

Understands that every object exerts a gravitational force on every other object A P

Understands that gravitational force depends on the mass of the objects P

Understands that gravitational force depends on the distance between the objects

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,95;CAE,129;IB2I,25,27;IBPI,65-66,79;NSE,36;SI,161;TE,64;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that just as electric currents can produce magnetic forces, magnets can cause electric currents A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that just as electric currents can produce magnetic forces, magnets can cause electric currents

Vocabulary terms
A. electric current
B. magnetic force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electric currents can produce magnetic forces A P

Knows that magnets can cause electric currents P

McREL Activity(s)

Electricity and Magnetism

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,95;CAE,58;IBPE,60,72-73;NSI,34;PE,108;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that an object’s motion can be described and represented graphically according to its position, direction of motion, and speed A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that an object’s motion can be described and represented graphically according to its position, direction of motion, and speed

Vocabulary terms
A. graph of motion
B. graphing position
C. graphing direction of motion
D. graphing speed

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by its change in position over time A P

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by its direction of motion

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by its speed P

Knows that an object’s change in position over time can be represented graphically P

Knows that an object’s direction of motion can be represented graphically

Knows that an object’s speed can be represented graphically A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,125-126;IBPE,47;NSE,35;PI,104;SE,154;TE,64)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object’s motion (e.g., if more than one force acts on an object along a straight line, then the forces will reinforce or cancel one another, depending on their direction and magnitude; unbalanced forces, such as friction, will cause changes in the speed or direction on an object’s motion) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. attraction/repulsion
B. balanced force
C. effect of balanced forces
D. effect of unbalanced forces
E. friction
F. unbalanced force

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the effects of balanced forces on an object’s motion

Understands the effects of unbalanced forces on an object’s motion A

Understands that if more than one force acts on an object along a straight line, they will reinforce or cancel one another depending on their direction and magnitude A P

Understands friction as an unbalanced force that can cause changes in the speed of an object’s motion A P

Understands friction as unbalanced force that can cause changes in the direction of an object’s motion

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,90;CAE,130-131;IB2I,25;IBPE,47-48,79;N2E,92;NSE,36;PI,104-105;SE,154;TE,64;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that an object that is not being subjected to a force will continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that an object that is not being subjected to a force will continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line

Vocabulary terms
A. constant speed
B. external force
C. continued motion
D. inertia
E. Newton’s Laws of Motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an object not being subjected to a force will continue to move at a constant speed

Knows that an object not being subjected to a force will continue to move in a straight line A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,90;CAE,78;IB2I,25;IBPE,48;N2I,92;NSE,36;PE,104-105;SE,154;TE,64;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows that magnetic forces are very closely related to electric forces and can be thought of as different aspects of a single electromagnetic force (moving electric charges produce magnetic forces and moving magnets produce electric forces); the interplay of these forces is the basis for electric motors, generators, radio, television, and many other modern technologies A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. electric force
B. electromagnetic force
C. moving electrical charge
D. moving magnet
E. electric motor

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that magnetic forces are related to electric forces

Knows that magnetic forces and electric forces can be thought of as different aspects of a single electromagnetic force

Knows that moving electric charges produce magnetic forces A

Knows that moving magnets produce electric forces A

Knows that the interplay of electric and magnetic forces is the basis for electric motors

Knows that the interplay of electric and magnetic forces is the basis for generators

Knows that the interplay of electric and magnetic forces is the basis for radio

Knows that the interplay of electric and magnetic forces is the basis for television

Knows that the interplay of electric and magnetic forces is the basis for many other modern technologies

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,97;CAE,178-180;IB2I,25;IBPI,58-60,72-73;N3I,82;NSI,33;PE,115,121,123;SE,180;TI,63;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that nuclear forces are much stronger than electromagnetic forces, which are vastly stronger than gravitational forces; the strength of nuclear forces explains why great amounts of energy are released from the nuclear reactions in atomic or hydrogen bombs, and in the Sun and other stars

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topics

1. Nuclear reactions and forces; 2. Electricity and Magnetism; 3. Gravity

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. strength of nuclear force
B. strength of electromagnetic force
C. strength of gravitational force
D. atomic bomb
E. hydrogen bomb
F. stellar energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that nuclear forces are stronger than electromagnetic forces

Knows that electromagnetic forces are stronger than gravitational forces

Knows that the strength of nuclear force explains the great amounts of energy released from nuclear reactions in atomic bombs

Knows that the strength of nuclear force explains the great amounts of energy released from nuclear reactions in hydrogen bombs

Knows that the strength of nuclear force explains the release of energy from nuclear reactions in the Sun

Knows that the strength of nuclear force explains the release of energy from nuclear reactions in the stars

Citation Log: BD(2E,96,97;CAI,216;IBCI,107;IBPI,76;NSE,31;PI,119;SE,178,180)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the strength of the gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Gravity

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that the strength of the gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Vocabulary terms
A. strength of gravitational force
B. inverse square law

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the strength of the gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the masses

Knows that the strength of the gravitational force between two masses is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,96;CAE,159;IBPE,65,79;N3I,82;NSE,36;SE,180)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the strength of the electric force between two charged objects is proportional to the charges (opposite charges attract whereas like charges repel) and, as with gravitation, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. strength of electric force
B. charge attraction
C. charge repulsion
D. inverse square law

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the strength of the electric force between two charged objects is proportional to charges

Knows that objects with opposite charges attract one other A

Knows that objects with the same charge repel one another A

Knows that the strength of the electric force between charged objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,161;IBPE,57;N3I,82;NSE,36;PI,123;SE,180)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that electromagnetic forces exist within and between atoms (e.g., electric forces between oppositely charged electrons and protons hold atoms and molecules together, and are involved in all chemical reactions; electric forces hold solid and liquid materials together and act between objects when they are in contact)

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topics

1. Electricity and Magnetism; 2. Atoms and molecules; 3. Atomic structure

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. electromagnetic force
B. electric force
C. intramolecular force
D. intermolecular force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electromagnetic forces exist within atoms

Knows that electromagnetic forces exist between atoms

Knows that electric forces between oppositely charged electrons and protons hold molecules together

Knows that electric forces between oppositely charged electrons and protons hold atoms together

Knows that electric forces are involved in all chemical reactions

Knows that electric forces hold solid materials together

Knows that electric forces hold liquid materials together

Knows that electric forces act between objects when they are in contact

Citation Log: BD(2E,96;CAE,191;IB2I,26;IBCI,52;N3I,82;NSE,31;PI,70-71,75)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows how different kinds of materials respond to electric forces (e.g., as insulators, semiconductors, conductors, superconductors) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Knows how different kinds of materials respond to electric forces (e.g., as insulators, semiconductors, conductors, superconductors)

Vocabulary terms
A. electric force
B. insulator
C. semiconductor
D. conductor
E. superconductor

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how different kinds of materials, such as superconductors, respond to electric forces

Knows how different kinds of materials, such as insulators, respond to electric forces A

Knows how different kinds of materials, such as semiconductors, respond to electric forces

Knows how different kinds of materials, such as conductors, respond to electric forces

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,97;CAE,191;IBCI,50,53,62,102,108-109;IBPE,57;N3I,82;NSI,31;PI,68;SE,181;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that materials that contain equal proportions of positive and negative charges are electrically neutral, but a very small excess or deficit of negative charges in a material produces noticeable electric forces

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. electrically neutral
B. electric force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that materials that contain equal proportions of positive and negative charges are neutral

Knows that a small excess of negative charges in a material produces noticeable electric forces

Knows that a small deficit of negative charges in a material produces noticeable electric forces

Citation Log: BD(2E,96;CAI,59;DE,8.4.6;N3I,82;NSI,36;PI,107)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that laws of motion can be used to determine the effects of forces on the motion of objects (e.g., objects change their motion only when a net force is applied; whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object; the magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F=ma, which is independent of the nature of the force) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 8.

Vocabulary terms
A. Newton’s Laws of Motion
B. net force
C. F=ma
D. law of inertia
E. change of motion
F. equal and opposite force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that F=ma is independent of the nature of the force A

Knows that objects change motion only when a net force is applied A

Knows that when one object exerts force on another, a force of equal magnitude is exerted on the first object

Knows that when one object exerts force on another, a force opposite in direction is exerted on first object

Knows that the magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated by using F=ma A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,91,92;IB2I,25;CAE,157-158;IBPE,48,67,79;N3I,82;NSE,36;PE,112-113;SE,179-180)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that apparent changes in wavelength can provide information about changes in motion because the observed wavelength of a wave depends upon the relative motion of the source and the observer; if either the source or observer is moving toward the other, the observed wavelength is shorter; if either is moving away, the wavelength is longer A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topics

1. Position and motion; 2. Vibrations and waves

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 9.

Vocabulary terms
A. change in wavelength
B. relative motion
C. Doppler effect
D. observed wavelength
E. wave source
F. relative motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that apparent changes in wavelength can provide information about changes in motion A

Knows that the observed wavelength of a wave depends upon the relative motion of the source

Knows that the observed wavelength of a wave depends upon the relative motion of the observer

Knows that if either the source or the observer is moving toward the other, the observed wavelength is shorter

Knows that if either the source or the observer is moving away from the other, the observed wavelength is longer

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,92;CAE,174-175;DI,3.4.3;IBPE,70;NSI,85;PE,124)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

10.

Understands general concepts related to the theory of special relativity (e.g., in contrast to other moving things, the speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter how they or the light source happen to be moving; the laws of physics are the same in any inertial frame of reference)

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 10.

Vocabulary terms
A. theory of special relativity
B. speed of light
C. relative motion
D. laws of physics
E. inertial frame of reference

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that the laws of physics are the same in any inertial frame of reference

Understands that in contrast to other moving things, the speed of light is the same for all observers

Understands that the speed of light is same for all observers no matter how the observer is moving

Understands that the speed of light is same for all observers no matter how the light source is moving

Citation Log: BD(2E,245;CAE,159-160;IBPE,108-110)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

Nature of Science

11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Science

Standard 11 : Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Reference code: 2E,5

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Not appropriate at this level

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Not appropriate at this level

Citation Log: (none)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that scientific investigations generally work the same way in different places and normally produce results that can be duplicated

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific investigations/repeatability

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that scientific investigations generally work the same way in different places and normally produce results that can be duplicated

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific investigation
B. reproducible result

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific investigations generally work same way in different places

Knows that scientific investigations normally produce results that can be duplicated

Citation Log: BD(2E,6)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands that a model of something is different from the real thing (e.g., object, event) but can be used to learn something about the real thing

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Understands that a model of something is different from the real thing (e.g., object, event) but can be used to learn something about the real thing

Vocabulary terms
A. model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that a model of something is different from the real thing

Knows that a model of an object is different from the real object

Knows that a model of an event is different from the real event

Knows that a model can be used to learn about a real thing

Knows that a model can be used to learn about a real object

Knows that a model can be used to learn about a real event

Citation Log: BD(2E,268;N1I,133;NSI,113;SE,117)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that although the same scientific investigation may give slightly different results when it is carried out by different persons, or at different times or places, the general evidence collected from the investigation should be replicable by others A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific investigations/repeatability

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. duplicating scientific investigations
B. scientific evidence
C. reproducible result

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the same scientific investigations may give slightly different results when done by different people

Knows that the same scientific investigations may give slightly different results when done at different times A

Knows that the same scientific investigations may give slightly different results when done at different places

Knows that the general evidence collected from investigations should be replicable by others

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,6;NSI,118)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on evidence (observations) and scientific knowledge

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific explanations

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on evidence (observations) and scientific knowledge

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific explanation
B. scientific evidence
C. scientific knowledge

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on evidence

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on observations

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on scientific knowledge

Citation Log: BD(2E,11;CAE,55;IB1E,5.1;N1I,134;NSE,114,118;PE,33;SE,122,123)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that scientists make the results of their investigations public; they describe the investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that scientists make the results of their investigations public; they describe the investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations

Vocabulary terms
A. scientist
B. making results public
C. replicable investigation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists make the results of their investigations public

Knows that scientists describe investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations

McREL Activity(s)

Trading and Testing

Citation Log: BD(2I,11;IB1I,5.1;N1I,135;SE,123)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that scientists review and ask questions about the results of other scientists’ work

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that scientists review and ask questions about the results of other scientists’ work

Vocabulary terms
A. scientist
B. peer review

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists review the results of other scientists’ work

Knows that scientists ask questions about the results of other scientists’ work

Citation Log: BD(IB1E,5.1;N1I,135;NSI,114;SE,123)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands that models (e.g., physical, conceptual, mathematical models, computer simulations) can be used to represent and predict changes in objects, events, and processes A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Understands that models (e.g., physical, conceptual, mathematical models, computer simulations) can be used to represent and predict changes in objects, events, and processes

Vocabulary terms
A. computer simulation
B. conceptual model
C. mathematical model
D. physical model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that models can be used to represent changes in objects

Knows that models can be used to represent changes in events

Knows that models can be used to represent changes in processes

Knows that physical models can be used to represent changes in objects

Knows that physical models can be used to represent changes in events

Knows that physical models can be used to represent changes in processes

Knows that conceptual models can be used to represent changes in objects

Knows that conceptual models can be used to represent changes in events

Knows that conceptual models can be used to represent changes in processes

10.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to represent changes in objects

11.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to represent changes in events

12.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to represent changes in processes

13.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to represent changes in objects

14.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to represent changes in events

15.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to represent changes in processes

16.

Knows that models can be used to predict changes in objects

17.

Knows that models can be used to predict changes in events

18.

Knows that models can be used to predict changes in processes

19.

Knows that physical models can be used to predict changes in objects

20.

Knows that physical models can be used to predict changes in events

21.

Knows that physical models can be used to predict changes in processes

22.

Knows that conceptual models can be used to predict changes in objects

23.

Knows that conceptual models can be used to predict changes in events

24.

Knows that conceptual models can be used to predict changes in processes

25.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to predict changes in objects

26.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to predict changes in events A

27.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to predict changes in processes

28.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to predict changes in objects

29.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to predict changes in events

30.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to predict changes in processes

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,268;N1I,133;NSE,113,118;SE,117;TI,71)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Understands the nature of scientific explanations (e.g., use of logically consistent arguments; emphasis on evidence; use of scientific principles, models, and theories; acceptance or displacement of explanations based on new scientific evidence) A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific explanations

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. characteristic of scientific explanations
B. logical argument
C. importance of evidence
D. scientific principle
E. scientific model
F. scientific theory
G. acceptance or displacement of explanations

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the displacement of explanations based on new scientific evidence

Understands the use of logically consistent arguments

Understands the emphasis on evidence A

Understands the use of scientific principles

Understands the use of scientific theories

Understands the use of scientific models

Understands the acceptance of explanations based on new scientific evidence

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that all scientific ideas are tentative and subject to change and improvement in principle, but for most core ideas in science, there is much experimental and observational confirmation

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,7;IB1I,5.1;NSE,113;SE,145,148;TE,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific knowledge

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that all scientific ideas are tentative and subject to change and improvement in principle, but for most core ideas in science, there is much experimental and observational confirmation

Vocabulary terms
A. change in scientific ideas
B. experimental confirmation
C. observational confirmation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that all scientific ideas are tentative

Knows that all scientific ideas are subject to change

Knows that all scientific ideas are subject to improvement in principle

Knows that for most core ideas in science, there is much experimental confirmation

Knows that for most core ideas in science, there is much observational confirmation

Citation Log: BD(2I,7;NSI,118;SE,171)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that different models can be used to represent the same thing and the same model can represent different things; the kind and complexity of the model should depend on its purpose A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that different models can be used to represent the same thing and the same model can represent different things; the kind and complexity of the model should depend on its purpose

Vocabulary terms
A. abstract model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that different models can be used to represent the same thing

Knows that the same model can represent different things A

Knows that the kind of the model should depend on its purpose

Knows that the complexity of the model should depend on its purpose

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,269;IB2I,24;N2I,93;NEE,52;NSI,113;SI,117)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that models are often used to think about things that cannot be observed or investigated directly (e.g., processes that occur too slowly, too quickly, on too small a scale, or are too dangerous for direct observation) A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. abstract model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that models are often used to think about things that cannot be observed directly

Knows that models are often used to think about things that cannot be investigated directly A

Knows that models are often used to think about processes that occur too slowly for direct observation

Knows that models are often used to think about processes that occur too quickly for direct observation

Knows that models are often used to think about processes that occur on too small a scale for direct observation

Knows that models are often used to think about processes that are too dangerous for direct observation

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,269;CAE,124;IB2I,24;N2I,94;NSI,113,118;OLI,7e;TI,71)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows ways in which science distinguishes itself from other ways of knowing and from other bodies of knowledge (e.g., use of empirical standards, logical arguments, skepticism)

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific knowledge

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Knows ways in which science distinguishes itself from other ways of knowing and from other bodies of knowledge (e.g., use of empirical standards, logical arguments, skepticism)

Vocabulary terms
A. characteristic of scientific knowledge
B. empirical standard

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows ways that science distinguishes itself from other ways of knowing

Knows ways that science distinguishes itself from other bodies of knowledge

Knows that the use of empirical standards distinguishes science

Knows that the use of logical arguments distinguishes science

Knows that the use of skepticism distinguishes science

Citation Log: BD(2E,13;SE,201)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that scientific explanations must meet certain criteria to be considered valid (e.g., they must be consistent with experimental and observational evidence about nature, make accurate predictions about systems being studied, be logical, respect the rules of evidence, be open to criticism, report methods and procedures, make a commitment to making knowledge public, include an adequate sample size)

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific explanations

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. criteria for scientific explanations
B. experimental evidence
C. observational evidence
D. criteria for acceptance

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific explanations must report methods and procedures

Knows that scientific explanations must be consistent with experimental evidence about nature

Knows that scientific explanations must be consistent with observational evidence about nature

Knows that scientific explanations must make accurate predictions about systems being studied

Knows that scientific explanations must be logical P

Knows that scientific explanations must respect the rules of evidence

Knows that scientific explanations must be open to criticism

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(IB2I,15;IBCI,21;IBPI,21;NSE,118;SE,176,201)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands how scientific knowledge changes and accumulates over time (e.g., all scientific knowledge is subject to change as new evidence becomes available; some scientific ideas are incomplete and opportunity exists in these areas for new advances; theories are continually tested, revised, and occasionally discarded)

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific knowledge

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. change in scientific knowledge
B. revision of scientific theories
C. new scientific evidence

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands how scientific knowledge changes over time

Understands how scientific knowledge accumulates over time

Understands that scientific knowledge is subject to change as new evidence becomes available

Understands that some scientific ideas are incomplete

Understands that an opportunity exists in incomplete areas for new advances

Understands that theories are continually tested

Understands that theories are continually revised

Understands that theories are occasionally discarded

Citation Log: BD(2E,8;CAE,279;IB2E,15;SE,201,204;)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that from time to time, major shifts occur in the scientific view of how the world works, but usually the changes that take place in the body of scientific knowledge are small modifications of prior knowledge

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific knowledge

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. change in scientific knowledge
B. paradigm shift

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that sometimes major shifts occur in the scientific view of how the world works

Knows that usually the changes in scientific knowledge are small modifications of prior knowledge

Citation Log: BD(2E,8;IB2E,15;IBPI,96-97;SE,201,204)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands different types of scientific explanations (e.g., theories, laws, hypotheses) and their usefulness and limitations (e.g., a new theory might fit the observations just as well or better than the old theory, or might fit a wider range of observations than the old theory)

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topics

1. Scientific explanations; 2. Scientific knowledge

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific theory
B. scientific law
C. use of hypothesis

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands theories as a type of scientific explanation

Understands laws as a type of scientific explanation

Understands hypotheses as a type of scientific explanation

Understands the usefulness and limitations of theories

Understands the usefulness and limitations of laws

Understands the usefulness and limitations of hypotheses

Knows that a new theory might fit the observations just as well or better than the old theory

Knows that a new theory might fit a wider range of observations than the old theory

Citation Log: BD(2E,8,13;CAE,279;PE,29-32;SE,117)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands criteria (e.g., accuracy of predictions, appropriateness, limitations, usefulness) used to evaluate a model’s representation of the real world

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Understands criteria (e.g., accuracy of predictions, appropriateness, limitations, usefulness) used to evaluate a model’s representation of the real world

Vocabulary terms
A. accuracy of predictions
B. appropriateness of model
C. limitations of model
D. usefulness of model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that criteria are used to evaluate a model’s representation of the real world

Knows that the accuracy of predictions is a criterion used to evaluate a model’s representation of the real world

Knows that appropriateness is a criterion used to evaluate a model’s representation of the real world

Knows that limitations is a criterion used to evaluate a model’s representation of the real world

Knows that usefullness is a criterion used to evaluate a model’s representation of the real world

Citation Log: BD(2E,270;CAE,279;N3I,83;NSI,113,118)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that science is based on assumptions about the universe (e.g., nature is the same everywhere, the objects and events in the universe occur in a predictable pattern that is comprehensible through careful, systematic study)

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific explanations

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. assumptions of science

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that science is based on assumptions about the universe

Knows that science is based on the assumption that nature is the same everywhere

Knows that science is based on the assumption that the objects and events in the universe occur in a predictable pattern

Knows that science is based on the assumption that the predictable pattern of objects and events is comprehensible through careful, systematic study

Citation Log: BD(2E,8;SE,116)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Science

Standard 12 : Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Reference code: 2E,9

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Uses the senses to make observations about living things, nonliving objects, and events

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Uses the senses to make observations about living things, nonliving objects, and events

Vocabulary terms
A. senses
B. observation
C. living thing
D. nonliving object
E. event

Knowledge/skill statements

Uses senses to make observations about living things

Uses senses to make observations about nonliving objects

Uses senses to make observations about events

Citation Log: BP(CAE,30;DoDE;FRE,24;HSE,18;IB1E,5.11;ILE;LE,44;MHE,45-48;NZE,86,88;RI;TX1E;UKE,11)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Records information collected about the physical world (e.g., in drawings, simple data charts)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Records information collected about the physical world (e.g., in drawings, simple data charts)

Vocabulary terms
A. recording information
B. information
C. collection
D. physical world
E. drawing
F. data chart

Knowledge/skill statements

Collects information about the physical world W.2.7

Records information about the physical world W.2.7

Records information collected about the physical world in drawings W.2.7

Records information collected about the physical world in simple data charts W.2.7

CC = Common Core standards available (Common Core ID indicated)

Citation Log: BP(CAE,35;DoDE;HSE,18;IB1E,5.2,5.11;ILE;MHE,51;NZE,88;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Uses simple tools (e.g., eyedropper, magnifying glasses) to gather information

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 3.

Uses simple tools (e.g., eyedropper, magnifying glasses) to gather information

Vocabulary terms
A. tool
B. information
C. eyedropper
D. magnifying glass

Knowledge/skill statements

Uses an eyedropper to gather information

Uses a magnifying glass to gather information

Citation Log: BP(DoDE;HSE,18;ILE;LI,45,47;MHE,54;NZE,86;TX1E;UKE,11)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Conducts simple investigations to solve a problem or answer a question

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 4.

Conducts simple investigations to solve a problem or answer a question

Vocabulary terms
A. investigation
B. problem solving
C. answering a question

Knowledge/skill statements

Conducts simple investigations to solve a problem

Conducts simple investigations to answer a question

Citation Log: BP(CAE,35;DoDE; HE,4;IB1I,5.11;MHE,54;NZE,88,90;TX1E;HSE, 18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Asks questions about observations

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 5.

Asks questions about observations

Vocabulary terms
A. question
B. observation

Citation Log: BP(HSI, 18CAE,24;DoDE;IB1I,5.11;ILE;MHE,43;TX1E;UKE,11)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Develops predictions and explanations based on previous experience A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topics

1. Scientific explanations; 2. Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 6.

Develops predictions and explanations based on previous experience

Vocabulary terms
A. previous experience
B. prediction
C. explanation

Knowledge/skill statements

Develops predictions based on previous experience A

Develops explanations based on previous experience A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(CAE,43,55;HSE,18,5;IB1E,5.11;NZE,90;RE;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands simple cause-and-effect relationships based on previous experience

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific explanations

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 7.

Understands simple cause-and-effect relationships based on previous experience

Vocabulary terms
A. cause and effect relationship
B. previous experience

Citation Log: BP(HSE,12;IB1E,5.11;MHE,50;RE)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that learning can come from careful observations and simple experiments

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that learning can come from careful observations and simple experiments

Vocabulary terms
A. observation
B. simple experiment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that learning comes from observations

Knows that learning comes from experiments

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that tools (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, balances) can be used to gather information and extend the senses A

Citation Log: BD(2E,10;CAE,35,55;IB1E,5.1;N1I,134,135;NSI,113,114;TI,76;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that tools (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, balances) can be used to gather information and extend the senses

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific tool
B. thermometer
C. magnifier
D. ruler
E. balance
F. information gathering
G. extending the senses

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that tools are used to gather information

Knows that tools are used to extend the senses

Knows that thermometers are used to gather information

Knows that magnifiers are used to gather information

Knows that rulers are used to gather information

Knows that balances are used to gather information A

Knows that thermometers are used to extend the senses A

Knows that magnifiers are used to extend the senses

Knows that rulers are used to extend the senses

10.

Knows that balances are used to extend the senses

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,10;CAE,43,44;IB1I,5.1;N1E,134;NSE,31,113,118;SE,123;TE,49,50;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Makes predictions based on patterns A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 3.

Makes predictions based on patterns

Vocabulary terms
A. pattern based prediction

Knowledge/skill statements

Makes predictions based on given patterns A

Makes predictions based on observed patterns

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(CAE,43; IB2E,20;NSE,118)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that scientific investigations involve asking and answering a question and comparing the answer to what scientists already know about the world

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that scientific investigations involve asking and answering a question and comparing the answer to what scientists already know about the world

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific investigation
B. question formulation
C. scientific knowledge

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific investigations involve asking questions

Knows that scientific investigations involve answering questions

Knows that scientific investigations involve comparing answers to what scientists already know

Citation Log: BD(2I,11;IB1I,5.1;N1I,134;NEI,13;SE,122,123;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that scientists use different kinds of investigations (e.g., naturalistic observation of things or events, data collection, controlled experiments), depending on the questions they are trying to answer

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. scientist
B. types of investigations
C. naturalistic observation
D. data collection
E. controlled experiment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists may use controlled experiments for investigations depending on the question

Knows that scientists may use naturalistic observation of things for investigations depending on the question

Knows that scientists may use naturalistic observation of events for investigations depending on the question

Knows that scientists may use data collection for investigations depending on the question

Citation Log: BD(2E,11;CAI,102;N1I,135;NSI,118;SE,123;TI,76)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Plans and conducts simple investigations (e.g., formulates a testable question, plans a fair test, makes systematic observations, develops logical conclusions) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Plans and conducts simple investigations (e.g., formulates a testable question, plans a fair test, makes systematic observations, develops logical conclusions)

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific investigation
B. question formulation
C. systematic observation
D. logical conclusion

Knowledge/skill statements

Plans simple investigations A

Conducts simple investigations

Formulates a testable question A

Plans a fair test A

Makes systematic observations A

Develops logical conclusions A

Knows that scientific investigations include formulating a testable question

Knows that scientific investigations include making systematic observations

Knows that scientific investigations include developing logical conclusions

10.

Understands the concept of a testable question

11.

Knows what it means to make a systematic observation

12.

Understands the use of logic in developing conclusions

McREL Activity(s)

Uses appropriate tools and simple equipment (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, microscopes, calculators, graduated cylinders) to gather scientific data and extend the senses A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(2I,11;CAE,55,65,78,79;IB1E,5.1;N1E,135;NEI,13;NSI,118;SE,122;TE,76;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Uses appropriate tools and simple equipment (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, microscopes, calculators, graduated cylinders) to gather scientific data and extend the senses

Vocabulary terms
A. using scientific equipment
B. using scientific tools
C. scientific data collection
D. using a thermometer
E. using a magnifier
F. using a microscope
G. using a calculator
H. using a graduated cylinder

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows when the use of a thermometer for data gathering is appropriate

Uses simple equipment to gather scientific data

Uses tools to extend the senses

Uses simple equipment to extend the senses

Uses thermometers to gather scientific data

Uses magnifiers to gather scientific data

Uses microscopes to gather scientific data A

Uses calculators to gather scientific data

Uses graduated cylinders to gather scientific data

10.

Uses thermometers to extend the senses

11.

Uses magnifiers to extend the senses

12.

Uses microscopes to extend the senses

13.

Uses calculators to extend the senses

14.

Uses graduated cylinders to extend the senses

15.

16.

Knows when the use of a magnifier for data gathering is appropriate

17.

Knows when the use of a microscope for data gathering is appropriate

18.

Knows when the use of a calculator for data gathering is appropriate

19.

Knows when the use of a graduated cylinder for data gathering is appropriate

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(CAE,44,65,79;IB1E,5.1,5.19;N1E,134;NEI,14;NSE,118;SE,122,127;TE,49,76;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that scientists’ explanations about what happens in the world come partly from what they observe (evidence), and partly from how they interpret (inference) their observations A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that scientists’ explanations about what happens in the world come partly from what they observe (evidence), and partly from how they interpret (inference) their observations

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific evidence
B. scientific inference

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists’ explanations about what happens in the world come partly from what they observe (evidence) A

Knows that scientists’ explanations about what happens in the world come partly from how they interpret (inference) their observations

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,11;CAE,65;IB1I,5.1,5.11;N1I,134;NSE,118;SI,117,122)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows the reasons why similar investigations may not produce similar results (e.g., differences in the things being investigated, methods being used, uncertainty in the observation)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 6.

Knows the reasons why similar investigations may not produce similar results (e.g., differences in the things being investigated, methods being used, uncertainty in the observation)

Vocabulary terms
A. repeatable investigation
B. replicable investigation
C. observational uncertainty

Knowledge/skill statements

Citation Log: BD(2E,11;CAE,55;SI,122)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows that there is no fixed procedure called "the scientific method," but that investigations involve systematic observations, carefully collected, relevant evidence, logical reasoning, and some imagination in developing hypotheses and explanations

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific method
B. relevant evidence
C. logical reasoning
D. hypothesis development
E. explanation of data

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the "scientific method" is not a fixed procedure

Knows that investigations involve systematic observations

Knows that investigations involve carefully collected and relevant evidence

Knows that investigations involve logical reasoning

Knows that investigations involve imagination in developing hypotheses

Knows that investigations involve imagination in developing explanations

McREL Activity(s)

Understands that questioning, response to criticism, and open communication are integral to the process of science (e.g., scientists often differ with one another about the interpretation of evidence or theory in areas where there is not a great deal of understanding; scientists acknowledge conflicting interpretations and work towards finding evidence that will resolve the disagreement)

Citation Log: BD(2E,12;IB1E,5.1;IB2I,16;N2I,96;NSI,114,118;SI,148)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. questioning in science
B. response to criticism
C. open communication
D. process of science
E. interpretation of evidence
F. interpretation of theory
G. conflicting interpretations

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that questioning is integral to the process of science

Understands that an appropriate response to criticism is integral to the process of science P

Understands that open communication is integral to the process of science P

Understands that scientists often differ with one another about the interpretation of evidence in unclear areas

Understands that scientists often differ with one another about the interpretation of theories in unclear areas

Knows that scientists acknowledge conflicting interpretations

Knows that scientists work toward finding evidence that resolves the disagreement

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,7;IB1E,5.1;IB2E,19,23;SE,171)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Designs and conducts a scientific investigation (e.g., formulates hypotheses, designs and executes investigations, interprets data, synthesizes evidence into explanations) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Designs and conducts a scientific investigation (e.g., formulates hypotheses, designs and executes investigations, interprets data, synthesizes evidence into explanations)

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific investigation
B. hypothesis formulation
C. experimental design
D. data interpretation
E. explanation of data
F. alternative explanation of data
G. critique of explanation
H. critique of procedure

Knowledge/skill statements

Designs scientific investigations A P

Conducts scientific investigations A P

Formulates a hypothesis for a scientific investigation

Executes scientific investigations

Interprets data from a scientific investigation A P

Synthesizes evidence into explanations A P

Knows that scientific investigations include formulating a hypotheses A

Knows that scientific investigations include interpreting data

Knows that scientific investigations include synthesizing evidence into an explanation

McREL Activity(s)

Identifies variables (e.g., independent, dependant, control) in a scientific investigation

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BP(CAE,102,150;IB2E,18,20,23;IB1E,5.1;N2E,96;NEI,29,31;NSE,118;SE,145;TE,77;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Identifies variables (e.g., independent, dependant, control) in a scientific investigation

Vocabulary terms
A. independent variable
B. dependent variables
C. control variables

Knowledge/skill statements

Identifies the independent variable in a scientific investigation

Identifies the dependent variable in a scientific investigation

Identifies the controlled variables in a scientific investigation

Understands the concept of controls in scientific investigations

Understands the concept of variables in scientific investigations

Citation Log: BP(2I,12;CAE,73,150;IB2E,23;NEE,31;NSI,118;SE,145;TI,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands why only one variable (independent) can be manipulated at a time and that all other variables must be controlled during the investigation

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Understands why only one variable (independent) can be manipulated at a time and that all other variables must be controlled during the investigation

Vocabulary terms
A. independent variable
B. control variables

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that only one variable (independent) can be manipulated at a time

Knows that most variables must be controlled during an investigation

Citation Log: BD(2E,12;CAI,78;NSE,118;SI,145;TE,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Uses appropriate tools (including computer hardware and software) and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Uses appropriate tools (including computer hardware and software) and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data

Vocabulary terms
A. computer hardware
B. computer software
C. data analysis tool
D. data analysis technique
E. data collection tool
F. data collection technique
G. data interpretation tool
H. data interpretation technique

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows what computer hardware and software is appropriate for gathering, analyzing, or interpreting data

Uses tools to analyze scientific data

Uses tools to interpret scientific data

Uses techniques to gather scientific data

Uses techniques to analyze scientific data

Uses techniques to interpret scientific data

Uses computer hardware to gather scientific data

Uses computer hardware to analyze scientific data

Uses computer hardware to interpret scientific data

10.

Uses computer software to gather scientific data

11.

Uses computer software to analyze scientific data

12.

Uses computer software to interpret scientific data

13.

14.

Knows when computer hardware and software is appropriate for gathering, analyzing, or interpreting data

15.

Knows processes involved in the use of computer hardware and software related to scientific investigations

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(IBCE,20;IBPE,20;N2I,94;NEI,31;NSE,118;SE,145;TE,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Establishes relationships based on evidence and logical argument (e.g., provides causes for effects) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Establishes relationships based on evidence and logical argument (e.g., provides causes for effects)

Vocabulary terms
A. using evidence
B. using logic
C. cause and effect

Knowledge/skill statements

Establishes relationships based on evidence A P

Establishes relationships based on logical argument A P

Provides causes for effects A

Understands the relationship between cause and effect A P

Knows what constitutes a logical argument

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BP(CAE,279;IB2E,23;IBCI,21;IBPI,21;N2I,94;NEI,53;NSE,118;SE,145;TE,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations, experiments, observations, theoretical and mathematical models, and explanations proposed by other scientists (e.g., reviewing experimental procedures, examining evidence, identifying faulty reasoning, identifying statements that go beyond the evidence, suggesting alternative explanations) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Vocabulary terms
A. experimental procedure evaluation
B. evidence evaluation
C. faulty reasoning
D. statements that go beyond the evidence
E. alternative explanation of data

Knowledge/skill statements

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by reviewing experimental procedures A

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by examining evidence

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by identifying faulty reasoning A

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by identifying statements that go beyond the evidence

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by suggesting alternative explanations P

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes reviewing experimental procedures A P

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes examining evidence

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes identifying faulty reasoning

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes identifying statements that go beyond the evidence

10.

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes suggesting alternative explanations P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BP(2E,299;CAE,102,150;IB1E,5.1;IB2E,20;NEI,31;NSE,114,118;SE,145,148,171;TE,72,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows possible outcomes of scientific investigations (e.g., some may result in new ideas and phenomena for study; some may generate new methods or procedures for an investigation; some may result in the development of new technologies to improve the collection of data; some may lead to new investigations)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 9.

Vocabulary terms
A. investigation outcomes
B. scientific innovation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific investigations may lead to new investigations

Knows that scientific investigations may result in new ideas

Knows that scientific investigations may result in new phenomena for study

Knows that scientific investigations may generate new methods for investigations

Knows that scientific investigations may generate new procedures for investigations

Knows that scientific investigations may result in the development of new technologies to improve the collection of data

Citation Log: BD(2I,12;SE,148)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Understands the use of hypotheses in scientific investigations (e.g., selecting and narrowing the focus of data, determining additional data to be gathered, guiding the interpretation of data)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Understands the use of hypotheses in scientific investigations (e.g., selecting and narrowing the focus of data, determining additional data to be gathered, guiding the interpretation of data)

Vocabulary terms
A. hypothesis
B. guide for data interpretation
C. guide for data collection
D. data reduction
E. guide for data focus

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the use of hypotheses in guiding the interpretation of data

Understands the use of hypotheses in selecting the focus of data

Understands the use of hypotheses in narrowing the focus of data

Understands the use of hypotheses in determining if additional data needs to be gathered

Citation Log: BD(2E,13;CAI,279;IBCE,20;IBPE,20;SE,175)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Designs and conducts scientific investigations (e.g., formulates testable hypotheses; identifies and clarifies the method, controls, and variables; analyzes, organizes, and displays data; revises methods and explanations; presents results; receives critical response from others) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific investigation
B. testable hypothesis
C. choice of experimental method
D. choice of experimental controls
E. choice of experimental variable
F. data organization
G. data presentation
H. data analysis
I. revision of methods
J. revision of explanations

Knowledge/skill statements

Designs scientific investigations A P

Conducts scientific investigations A P

Formulates testable hypotheses for scientific investigations

Identifies the method in a scientific investigation

Clarifies the method in a scientific investigation A

Clarifies the chosen controls in a scientific investigations A

Clarifies the chosen variables in a scientific investigations A

Displays data from a scientific investigation

Organizes data from a scientific investigation

10.

Analyzes data from a scientific investigation A

11.

Revises methods in a scientific investigation

12.

Revises explanations in a scientific investigation

13.

Presents results from a scientific investigation

14.

Receives critical response from others in a scientific investigation

15.

Knows that scientific investigations include formulating a testable hypotheses

16.

Knows that scientific investigations include identifying and clarifying the method

17.

Knows that scientific investigations include identifying and clarifying the controls

18.

Knows that scientific investigations include identifying and clarifying the variables

19.

Knows that scientific investigations include analyzing, organizing, and displaying data

20.

Knows that scientific investigations include the presentation of results

21.

Knows that scientific investigations may include revising methods and explanations

22.

Knows that scientific investigations are subject to critical response from others

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BP(2I,13;CAE,278-279;IBCE,20;IBPE,20;NEI,49,51;N3I,85;NSE,118;SE,175;TE,77;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations, experiments, observations, theoretical and mathematical models, and explanations proposed by other scientists (e.g., reviewing current scientific understanding, using evidence to validate conclusions, examining the logic to determine which explanations and models are the best, examining the involvement of control groups, examining the adequacy of the sample) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations, experiments, observations, theoretical and mathematical models, and explanations proposed by other scientists (e.g., reviewing current scientific understanding, using evidence to validate conclusions, examining the logic to determine which explanations and models are the best, examining the involvement of control groups, examining the adequacy of the sample)

Vocabulary terms
A. results in context of current scientific understanding
B. valid conclusion
C. valid logic
D. adequate controls
E. adequate sample size

Knowledge/skill statements

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by reviewing current scientific understanding

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by using evidence to validate conclusions A

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by examining the logic to determine which explanations and models are the best

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by examining the involvement of control groups

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by examining the adequacy of the sample

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes reviewing current scientific understanding

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes using evidence to validate conclusions

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes examining the logic to determine which explanations and models are the best

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes examining the involvement of control groups

10.

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes examining the adequacy of the sample

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(CAE,278-279;NEI,51,52;NSE,118;SE,175)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Uses technology (e.g., hand tools, measuring instruments, calculators, computers) and mathematics (e.g., measurement, formulas, charts, graphs) to perform accurate scientific investigations and communications

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. technology in scientific investigations
B. hand tool
C. measuring instrument
D. calculator
E. computer
F. formula
G. chart
H. graph
I. mathematics in scientific investigations

Knowledge/skill statements

Uses technology to perform accurate scientific investigations

Uses technology to facilitate accurate scientific communications

Uses mathematics to perform accurate scientific investigations

Uses mathematics to facilitate accurate scientific communications

Uses hand tools to perform accurate scientific investigations

Uses hand tools to facilitate accurate scientific communications

Uses measuring instruments to perform accurate scientific investigations

Uses measuring instruments to facilitate accurate scientific communications

Uses calculators to perform accurate scientific investigations

10.

Uses calculators to facilitate accurate scientific communications

11.

Uses computers to perform accurate scientific investigations

12.

Uses computers to facilitate accurate scientific communications

13.

Uses measurement to perform accurate scientific investigations

14.

Uses measurement to facilitate accurate scientific communications

15.

Uses formulas to perform accurate scientific investigations

16.

Uses formulas to facilitate accurate scientific communications

17.

Uses charts to perform accurate scientific investigations

18.

Uses charts to facilitate accurate scientific communications

19.

Uses graphs to perform accurate scientific investigations

20.

Uses graphs to facilitate accurate scientific communications

21.

Understands the concept of accuracy as it relates to the use of formulas in scientific investigations

22.

Understands the concept of accuracy as it relates to the use of measurement in scientific investigations

23.

Understands the concept of accuracy as it relates to the use of hand tools in scientific investigations

24.

Understands the concept of accuracy as it relates to the use of measuring instruments in scientific investigations

25.

Understands the concept of accuracy as it relates to the use of calculators in scientific investigations

26.

Understands the concept of accuracy as it relates to the use of computers in scientific investigations

27.

Understands the concept of accuracy as it relates to the use of charts and graphs in scientific communications

Citation Log: BP(CAE,278;IBCE,11,21;IBPE,11,21;N3E,84;NEI,51,52,53;SE,175,176)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that conceptual principles and knowledge guide scientific inquiries; historical and current scientific knowledge influence the design and interpretation of investigations and the evaluation of proposed explanations made by other scientists

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topics

1. Scientific investigation; 2. Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation; 3. Scientific knowledge

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. conceptual principle
B. guiding scientific inquiry
C. historical knowledge
D. influencing experimental design
E. interpretation of investigation
F. evaluation of explanations

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that conceptual principles guide scientific inquiries

Knows that knowledge guides scientific inquiries

Knows that historical scientific knowledge influences the design of investigations

Knows that historical scientific knowledge influences the interpretation of investigation

Knows that historical scientific knowledge influences the evaluation of explanations made by other scientists

Knows that current scientific knowledge influences the design of investigations

Knows that current scientific knowledge influences the interpretation of investigations

Knows that current scientific knowledge influences the evaluation of explanations made by other scientists

Citation Log: BD(2I,13;IPI,84;NSI,113;SE,176)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that scientists conduct investigations for a variety of reasons (e.g., to discover new aspects of the natural world, to explain recently observed phenomena, to test the conclusions of prior investigations, to test the predictions of current theories)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. reasons for investigations
B. scientific discovery
C. evaluation of theories
D. evaluation of conclusions

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists conduct investigations to test the predictions of current theories

Knows that scientists conduct investigations to discover new aspects of the natural world

Knows that scientists conduct investigations to explain recently observed phenomena

Knows that scientists conduct investigations to test conclusions of prior investigations

Citation Log: BD(2E,13;SE,176)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that investigations and public communication among scientists must meet certain criteria in order to result in new knowledge and methods (e.g., arguments must be logical and demonstrate connections between natural phenomena, investigations, and the historical body of scientific knowledge; the methods and procedures used to obtain evidence must be clearly reported to enhance opportunities for further investigation)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topics

1. Scientific investigation; 2. Scientific collaboration and communication

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. new scientific knowledge
B. new scientific methods
C. criteria for acceptance
D. disclosure of methods and procedures

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that investigations among scientists must meet certain criteria in order to result in new knowledge

Knows that investigations among scientists must meet certain criteria in order to result in new methods

Knows that public communication among scientists must meet certain criteria to result in new knowledge

Knows that public communication among scientists must meet certain criteria to result in new methods

Knows that arguments must be logical to result in new knowledge and methods

Knows that arguments must connect natural phenomena, investigations, and historical bodies of scientific knowledge to result in new knowledge and methods

Knows that methods used to obtain evidence must be clearly reported for future investigations to result in new knowledge and methods

Knows that procedures used to obtain evidence must be clearly reported for future investigations to result in new knowledge and methods

Citation Log: BD(2I,13;IBCI,21;IBPI,21;N3I,85;SE,175,176)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

A = Assessment items available

13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Science

Standard 13 : Understands the scientific enterprise

Reference code: 2E,14

1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning

2nd letter code :
E = Explicitly stated in document
I = Implicit in document

Number:
Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Knows that students can do science

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that students can do science

Vocabulary terms
A. student
B. science

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;NZE,88)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows basic safety procedures in investigations

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows basic safety procedures in investigations

Vocabulary terms
A. safety procedure

Citation Log: BD(CAE,25;DoDE;IB1I,5.11;ILE;UKE,11; HSE, 7)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

Knows that in science it is helpful to work with a team and share findings with others

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that in science it is helpful to work with a team and share findings with others

Vocabulary terms
A. teamwork in science
B. communication about science

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that in science it is helpful to work with a team

Knows that in science it is helpful to share findings with others

Citation Log: BD(2E,15;IB1I,5.2;N1I,134;SI,138)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Knows that people of all ages, backgrounds, and groups have made contributions to science and technology throughout history

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

People in science

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that people of all ages, backgrounds, and groups have made contributions to science and technology throughout history

Vocabulary terms
A. history of science
B. history of technology
C. scientific contribution
D. technological contribution

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that people of all ages contribute to science

Knows that people of all ages contribute to technology

Knows that people of all backgrounds contribute to science

Knows that people of all backgrounds contribute to technology

Knows that people of all groups contribute to technology

Knows that people of all groups contribute to science

McREL Activity(s)

Scientists of the World

Citation Log: BD(2E,16;IB1I,5.2;N1I,133;SE,138,141)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that although people using scientific inquiry have learned much about the objects, events, and phenomena in nature, science is an ongoing process and will never be finished

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific knowledge

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that although people using scientific inquiry have learned much about the objects, events, and phenomena in nature, science is an ongoing process and will never be finished

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific inquiry
B. ongoing process of science

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that people using scientific inquiry have learned much about objects in nature RI.2.3; RI.3.3

Knows that people using scientific inquiry have learned much about events in nature RI.2.3; RI.3.3

Knows that people using scientific inquiry have learned much about phenomena in nature RI.2.3; RI.3.3

Knows that science is an ongoing process that will never finish RI.2.3

CC = Common Core standards available (Common Core ID indicated)

Citation Log: BD(SE,141)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that scientists and engineers often work in teams to accomplish a task

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that scientists and engineers often work in teams to accomplish a task

Vocabulary terms
A. scientist
B. engineer

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists work in teams to accomplish a task

Knows that engineers work in teams to accomplish a task

Citation Log: BD(2I,54;IB2I,21;SE,138)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Knows that people of all backgrounds and with diverse interests, talents, qualities, and motivations engage in fields of science and engineering; some of these people work in teams and others work alone, but all communicate extensively with others

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topics

1. People in science; 2. Scientific collaboration and communication

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. science field
B. engineering field

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that people of all backgrounds engage in fields of science

Knows that people of all backgrounds engage in fields of engineering

Knows that people with diverse interests engage in fields of science

Knows that people with diverse interests engage in fields of engineering

Knows that people with diverse talents engage in fields of science

Knows that people with diverse talents engage in fields of engineering

Knows that people with diverse qualities engage in fields of science

Knows that people with diverse qualities engage in fields of engineering

Knows that people with diverse motivations engage in fields of science

10.

Knows that people with diverse motivations engage in fields of engineering

11.

Knows that people work in teams

12.

Knows that people work alone

Citation Log: BD(2I,17;SE,170,171)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that the work of science requires a variety of human abilities, qualities, and habits of mind (e.g., reasoning, insight, energy, skill, creativity, intellectual honesty, tolerance of ambiguity, skepticism, openness to new ideas)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

People in science

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. process of science
B. habits of mind
C. reasoning
D. insight
E. skill
F. intellectual honesty
G. tolerance of ambiguity
H. skepticism
I. openness to new ideas
J. creativity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the work of science requires a variety of human abilities

Knows that the work of science requires a variety of human qualities

Knows that the work of science requires a variety of human habits of mind

Knows that the work of science requires reasoning P

Knows that the work of science requires insight

Knows that the work of science requires energy

Knows that the work of science requires skill

Knows that the work of science requires creativity

Knows that the work of science requires intellectual honesty

10.

Knows that the work of science requires tolerance of ambiguity

11.

Knows that the work of science requires skepticism

12.

Knows that the work of science requires openness to new ideas

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(IB2I,15,16;SE,170)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows various settings in which scientists and engineers may work (e.g., colleges and universities, businesses and industries, research institutes, government agencies)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

People in science

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows various settings in which scientists and engineers may work (e.g., colleges and universities, businesses and industries, research institutes, government agencies)

Vocabulary terms
A. workplace for scientists
B. workplace for engineers

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows various settings in which scientists may work

Knows various settings in which engineers may work

Knows that scientists may work in colleges or universities

Knows that engineers may work in colleges or universities

Knows that scientists may work in businesses

Knows that engineers may work in businesses

Knows that scientists may work in industries

Knows that engineers may work in industries

Knows that scientists may work in research institutes

10.

Knows that engineers may work in research institutes

11.

Knows that scientists may work in government agencies

12.

Knows that engineers may work in government agencies

Citation Log: BD(2E,17;SE,169)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands ethics associated with scientific study (e.g., potential subjects must be fully informed of the risks and benefits associated with the research and their right to refuse to participate; potential subjects must be fully informed of possible risks to community and property)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Ethics in science

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. ethics and science
B. informed subject
C. risk and benefit
D. scientific research
E. right of refusal

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of the possible risks to property

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of the possible risks of research

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of the possible benefits of research

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of their right to refuse to participate

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of the possible risks to the community

McREL Activity(s)

Lab Rats

Citation Log: BD(2E,17;IB2I,15;N2I,96;SE,169)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that throughout history, many scientific innovators have had difficulty breaking through accepted ideas of their time to reach conclusions that are now considered to be common knowledge

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topics

1. People in science; 2. Scientific knowledge

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that throughout history, many scientific innovators have had difficulty breaking through accepted ideas of their time to reach conclusions that are now considered to be common knowledge

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific innovation
B. acceptance of ideas

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific innovators have had difficulty breaking through accepted ideas of the time

Knows that some ideas that are now "common knowledge" were not always accepted

Citation Log: BD(2I,19;IPE,77-78;SE,171)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows ways in which science and society influence one another (e.g., scientific knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals think about themselves, others, and the environment; societal challenges often inspire questions for scientific research; social and economic forces strongly influence which science research programs are pursued and funded)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Science, technology, and society

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. science and society
B. influence of scientific knowledge
C. influence of scientific procedures
D. research funding
E. societal challenge
F. research questions
G. social priorities
H. economic influence
I. research priorities

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific procedures influence the way individuals think about the environment

Knows that scientific knowledge influences the way individuals think about themselves

Knows that scientific knowledge influences the way individuals think about others

Knows that scientific knowledge influences the way individuals think about the environment P

Knows that societal challenges inspire questions for scientific research

Knows that social forces influence which science research programs are pursued

Knows that social forces influence which science research programs are funded

Knows that economic forces influence which science research programs are pursued

Knows that economic forces influence which science research programs are funded

10.

Knows that scientific procedures influence the way individuals think about themselves

11.

Knows that scientific procedures influence the way individuals think about others

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,7;IB2E,15;N2I,93;NSI,244;SE,169;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Knows that, throughout history, diverse cultures have developed scientific ideas and solved human problems through technology

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topics

1. People in science; 2. Science, technology, and society

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that, throughout history, diverse cultures have developed scientific ideas and solved human problems through technology

Vocabulary terms
A. developing scientific idea
B. solving problems through technology

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that throughout history, diverse cultures have developed scientific ideas through technology

Knows that throughout history, diverse cultures have solved human problems through technology

Citation Log: BD(2E,19;SE,201;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands that individuals and teams contribute to science and engineering at different levels of complexity (e.g., an individual may conduct basic field studies; hundreds of people may work together on a major scientific question or technological problem)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topics

1. People in science; 2. Scientific collaboration and communication

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. levels of scientific contributions
B. levels of engineering contributions
C. scientific question
D. technological problem

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that individuals contribute to science at different levels of complexity

Understands that teams contribute to science at different levels of complexity

Understands that individuals contribute to engineering at different levels of complexity

Understands that teams contribute to engineering at different levels of complexity

Understands that individuals conduct basic field studies

Understands that hundreds of people may work together on a major scientific question

Understands that hundreds of people may work together on a technological problem

Citation Log: BD(2I,19;SE,200)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands the ethical traditions associated with the scientific enterprise (e.g., commitment to peer review, truthful reporting about the methods and outcomes of investigations, publication of the results of work) and that scientists who violate these traditions are censored by their peers

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Ethics in science

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. ethical tradition in science
B. scientific enterprise
C. disclosure of methods and procedures

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the ethical traditions associated with scientific enterprise

Understands the importance of peer review in scientific enterprise

Understands the importance of truthful reporting about the methods of investigations

Understands the importance of truthful reporting about the outcomes of investigations

Understands the importance of the publication of results

Understands that scientists who violate ethical traditions are censored by their peers

Citation Log: BD(2E,20;IBCI,22;IBPI,22;N3I,85;SE,200-201)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that science and technology are essential social enterprises, but alone they can only indicate what can happen, not what should happen

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Science, technology, and society

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that science and technology are essential social enterprises, but alone they can only indicate what can happen, not what should happen

Vocabulary terms
A. science as a social enterprise
B. technology as a social enterprise
C. societal decisions

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that science is essentially a social enterprise

Knows that technology is essentially a social enterprise

Knows that science alone can only indicate what can happen, not what should happen

Knows that technology alone can only indicate what can happen, not what should happen

Citation Log: BD(CAI,279;IB2I,15;SE,199,201)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Understands that science involves different types of work in many different disciplines (e.g., scientists in different disciplines ask different questions, use different methods of investigation, and accept different types of evidence to support their explanations; many scientific investigations require the contributions of individuals from different disciplines; new disciplines of science, such as geophysics and biochemistry, often emerge at the interface of older disciplines)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

People in science

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific discipline
B. new scientific disciplines
C. differences in scientific disciplines
D. interdisciplinary teamwork
E. geophysics
F. biochemistry

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that biochemistry emerged at the interface of older disciplines

Understands that scientists in different disciplines ask different questions

Understands that scientists in different disciplines use different methods of investigation

Understands that scientists in different disciplines accept different types of evidence to support their explanations

Understands that scientific investigations require the contributions of individuals from different disciplines

Understands that new disciplines of science often emerge at the interface of older disciplines

Understands that geophysics emerged at the interface of older disciplines

Citation Log: BD(2E,19;OLI,7f;SE,192)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Knows that creativity, imagination, and a good knowledge base are all required in the work of science and engineering

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

People in science

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Knows that creativity, imagination, and a good knowledge base are all required in the work of science and engineering

Vocabulary terms
A. creativity
B. imagination
C. knowledge base
D. requirements for work in science
E. requirements for work in engineering

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that creativity is required in the work of science

Knows that creativity is required in the work of engineering

Knows that imagination is required in the work of science

Knows that imagination is required in the work of engineering

Knows that a good knowledge base is required in the work of science

Knows that a good knowledge base is required in the work of engineering

Citation Log: BD(2I,47;SE,192)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

1. Knows vocabulary (e.g., rainy, windy, sunny) for different types of weather

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Seasons, weather, and climate

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows vocabulary (e.g., rainy, windy, sunny) for different types of weather

Vocabulary terms
A. weather
B. rain
C. Sun
D. wind

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that "rainy" describes a type of weather

Knows that "windy" describes a type of weather

Knows that "sunny" describes a type of weather

Citation Log: BD(FRI,25;ILE)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that weather conditions change over time

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Seasons, weather, and climate

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that weather conditions change over time

Vocabulary terms
A. weather
B. weather conditions

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that weather conditions describe how sunny, cloudy, warm, cool, wet, or dry it is outside

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;LE,47;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows how the environment changes over the seasons A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Seasons, weather, and climate

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 3.

Knows how the environment changes over the seasons

Vocabulary terms
A. environment
B. seasons
C. seasonal change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that summer, winter, spring, and fall(autumn) are seasons of the year A

Knows the summer environment (e.g., trees have leaves, temperatures in most places are warmer)

Knows the winter environment (e.g., some trees do not have leaves, temperatures in most places are cooler)

Knows the spring environment (e.g., some trees are growing new leaves, temperatures in most places are warmer than in winter)

Knows the fall(autumn) environment (e.g., the leaves of some trees turn colors and fall off, the temperatures in most places are cooler than in summer)

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;LE,46:RE;NEI,16;)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that there are different materials (e.g., rock, water, soil) on Earth

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Characteristics of the Earth system

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that there are different materials (e.g., rock, water, soil) on Earth

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth
B. water
C. soil
D. rock

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth is the planet we live on

Knows that rock is a material found on Earth

Knows that water is a material found on Earth

Knows that soil is a material found on Earth

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;FRE,25;HI,5;MHI,63;NZE,90;TE,51;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows properties of a number of Earth materials (e.g., rocks, soil, water)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Characteristics of the Earth system ; 2. Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows properties of a number of Earth materials (e.g., rocks, soil, water)

Vocabulary terms
A. property
B. properties of Earth materials
C. rock
D. soil
E. water

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that Earth materials have properties

Knows properties of soil

Knows properties of rocks

Knows properties of water

Citation Log: BD(DoD;FRE,25;HI,5;MHE,63;NZE,90;TE,51;TX1E )

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows vocabulary (e.g., clouds, Sun, moon) used to describe major features of the sky

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

Characteristics of the Earth system

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows vocabulary (e.g., clouds, Sun, moon) used to describe major features of the sky

Vocabulary terms
A. sky
B. cloud
C. Sun
D. Moon

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the sky is above and over the Earth

Knows that clouds are a major feature of the sky

Knows that the Sun is a major feature of the sky

Knows that the Moon is a major feature of the sky

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;FRI,25;HI,5;ILE;LE,47;MHE,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Not appropriate at this level

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Not appropriate at this level

Citation Log: (none)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that living things and nonliving objects are different A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that living things and nonliving objects are different

Vocabulary terms
A. observation
B. nonliving object
C. living thing

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the basic characteristics of a living thing A

Knows the basic characteristics of a nonliving object A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(FRI,25;LI,45;MHE,58;RI;T1,45;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that living things go through a process of growth and change

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Life cycles

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that living things go through a process of growth and change

Vocabulary terms
A. living thing
B. growth process
C. process of change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things go through a process of growth

Knows that living things go through a process of change

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;FRE,25;IB1E,1.3;ILI;LE,46;MHE,62; HSE, 18 )

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Understands that living things have similar needs (e.g., water, food)

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Understands that living things have similar needs (e.g., water, food)

Vocabulary terms
A. living thing
B. need
C. water
D. food

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things need water

Knows that living things need food

Citation Log: BD(IB1E,1.3;ILE;RI;MHE,58;TE,45;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows simple ways that living things can be grouped (e.g., appearance, behavior, plant, animal)

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Characteristics of organisms ; 2. Classification of organisms

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows simple ways that living things can be grouped (e.g., appearance, behavior, plant, animal)

Vocabulary terms
A. living thing
B. grouping living things
C. grouping by appearance
D. grouping by behavior
E. plant group
F. animal group

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things can be grouped by their appearance

Knows that living things can be grouped by their behavior

Knows that some living things can be grouped as plants

Knows that some living things can be grouped as animals

Citation Log: BD(CAI,28;DoDE;ILE;MHI,59-60;RE;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows vocabulary used to describe some observable properties (e.g., color, shape, size) of objects

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows vocabulary used to describe some observable properties (e.g., color, shape, size) of objects

Vocabulary terms
A. object
B. observable properties of objects
C. color
D. shape
E. size

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows words used to describe colors of objects

Knows words used to describe shapes of objects

Knows words used to describe sizes of objects

Citation Log: BD(CAI,26;DoDE;IB1I,1.3;LE,43-44;MHE,47,54,63;NZE,90;TX1E; HSE, 18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Sorts objects based on observable properties

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Sorts objects based on observable properties

Vocabulary terms
A. sorting
B. object
C. observable properties of objects

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that objects have properties that are the same

Knows that objects have properties that are different

Citation Log: BP(HSE, 17; CAE,26,30;FRE,31;HI,4;ILE;MHE,49;T1E,48;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that the physical properties of things can change

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that the physical properties of things can change

Vocabulary terms
A. physical property
B. change

Citation Log: BD(IB1I,1.3;MHE,55-56;TXI; HSE, 18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Not appropriate at this level

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Not appropriate at this level

Citation Log: (none)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows the effects of forces (e.g., wind, gravity) in nature

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows the effects of forces (e.g., wind, gravity) in nature

Vocabulary terms
A. force
B. nature
C. effect of gravity
D. effect of winds
E. effect of force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the effects of gravity in nature

Knows the effects of wind in nature

Citation Log: BD(IB1I,1.3;ILE; NEI,16;)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that objects can be moved in space in a number of ways (e.g., pushing, pulling, sinking)

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topics

1. Forces and motion; 2. Position and motion

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that objects can be moved in space in a number of ways (e.g., pushing, pulling, sinking)

Vocabulary terms
A. movement
B. object
C. pushing
D. pulling
E. sinking

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that objects can be moved in space

Knows that objects can be moved by pushing them

Knows that objects can be moved by pulling them

Knows that objects can be moved by sinking them

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;MHE,54,57;NZI,90,91;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Not appropriate at this level

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Not appropriate at this level

Citation Log: (none)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Uses the senses to make observations about living things, nonliving objects, and events

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Uses the senses to make observations about living things, nonliving objects, and events

Vocabulary terms
A. senses
B. observation
C. living thing
D. nonliving object
E. event

Knowledge/skill statements

Uses senses to make observations about living things

Uses senses to make observations about nonliving objects

Uses senses to make observations about events

Citation Log: BP(CAE,30;DoDE;FRE,24;HSE,18;IB1E,5.11;ILE;LE,44;MHE,45-48;NZE,86,88;RI;TX1E;UKE,11)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Records information collected about the physical world (e.g., in drawings, simple data charts)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Records information collected about the physical world (e.g., in drawings, simple data charts)

Vocabulary terms
A. recording information
B. information
C. collection
D. physical world
E. drawing
F. data chart

Knowledge/skill statements

Collects information about the physical world W.2.7

Records information about the physical world W.2.7

Records information collected about the physical world in drawings W.2.7

Records information collected about the physical world in simple data charts W.2.7

CC = Common Core standards available (Common Core ID indicated)

Citation Log: BP(CAE,35;DoDE;HSE,18;IB1E,5.2,5.11;ILE;MHE,51;NZE,88;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Uses simple tools (e.g., eyedropper, magnifying glasses) to gather information

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 3.

Uses simple tools (e.g., eyedropper, magnifying glasses) to gather information

Vocabulary terms
A. tool
B. information
C. eyedropper
D. magnifying glass

Knowledge/skill statements

Uses an eyedropper to gather information

Uses a magnifying glass to gather information

Citation Log: BP(DoDE;HSE,18;ILE;LI,45,47;MHE,54;NZE,86;TX1E;UKE,11)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Conducts simple investigations to solve a problem or answer a question

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 4.

Conducts simple investigations to solve a problem or answer a question

Vocabulary terms
A. investigation
B. problem solving
C. answering a question

Knowledge/skill statements

Conducts simple investigations to solve a problem

Conducts simple investigations to answer a question

Citation Log: BP(CAE,35;DoDE; HE,4;IB1I,5.11;MHE,54;NZE,88,90;TX1E;HSE, 18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Asks questions about observations

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 5.

Asks questions about observations

Vocabulary terms
A. question
B. observation

Citation Log: BP(HSI, 18CAE,24;DoDE;IB1I,5.11;ILE;MHE,43;TX1E;UKE,11)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Develops predictions and explanations based on previous experience A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topics

1. Scientific explanations; 2. Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 6.

Develops predictions and explanations based on previous experience

Vocabulary terms
A. previous experience
B. prediction
C. explanation

Knowledge/skill statements

Develops predictions based on previous experience A

Develops explanations based on previous experience A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(CAE,43,55;HSE,18,5;IB1E,5.11;NZE,90;RE;TX1E)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Understands simple cause-and-effect relationships based on previous experience

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific explanations

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 7.

Understands simple cause-and-effect relationships based on previous experience

Vocabulary terms
A. cause and effect relationship
B. previous experience

Citation Log: BP(HSE,12;IB1E,5.11;MHE,50;RE)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that students can do science

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that students can do science

Vocabulary terms
A. student
B. science

Citation Log: BD(DoDE;NZE,88)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows basic safety procedures in investigations

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level Pre-K (Grade Pre-K)

Benchmark 2.

Knows basic safety procedures in investigations

Vocabulary terms
A. safety procedure

Citation Log: BD(CAE,25;DoDE;IB1I,5.11;ILE;UKE,11; HSE, 7)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level I (Grade K-2)

1. Knows that short-term weather conditions (e.g., temperature, rain, snow) can change daily, and weather patterns change over the seasons A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Seasons, weather, and climate

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that short-term weather conditions (e.g., temperature, rain, snow) can change daily, and weather patterns change over the seasons

Vocabulary terms
A. daily weather conditions
B. seasonal weather pattern
C. temperature
D. snow

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that short-term weather conditions can change daily

Knows that temperature can change daily A

Knows that rain conditions can change daily

Knows that snow conditions can change daily

Knows that weather patterns change over the seasons A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,67;CAE,29,34;N1I,133;NSE,82;SI,134;TE,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that water can be a liquid or a solid and can be made to change from one form to the other, but the amount of water stays the same A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Water in the Earth system; 2. Conservation of matter and energy

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that water can be a liquid or a solid and can be made to change from one form to the other, but the amount of water stays the same

Vocabulary terms
A. liquid water
B. ice
C. changing forms of water

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that water can exist in a liquid form

Knows that water can exist in a solid form

Knows that water can change from a solid to a liquid, but the amount of water stays the same A

Knows that water can change from a liquid to a solid, but the amount of water stays same

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,67;CAE,27;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NEI,16;NSI,90;TE,47;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that Earth materials consist of solid rocks, soils, liquid water, and the gases of the atmosphere

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Characteristics of the Earth system

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that Earth materials consist of solid rocks, soils, liquid water, and the gases of the atmosphere

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth materials
B. atmospheric gas

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that solid rock is an Earth material

Knows that soil is an Earth material

Knows that liquid water is an Earth material

Knows that the gases of the atmosphere are Earth materials

Citation Log: BD(CAE,29;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NSE,80;SE,134;TE,51)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that rocks come in many different shapes and sizes (e.g., boulders, pebbles, sand)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that rocks come in many different shapes and sizes (e.g., boulders, pebbles, sand)

Vocabulary terms
A. rock characteristics
B. boulder
C. pebble
D. sand

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that rocks come in different shapes

Knows that rocks come in different sizes

Knows that rocks come in the form of boulders

Knows that rocks come in the form of pebbles

Knows that rocks come in the form of sand

McREL Activity(s)

A Collection of Rocks

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAI,41-42;IB1I,1.4;NSE,91)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows basic patterns of the Sun and Moon (e.g., the Sun appears every day and the Moon appears sometimes at night and sometimes during the day; the Sun and Moon appear to move from east to west across the sky; the Moon appears to change shape over the course of a month; the Sun’s position in the sky changes through the seasons) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. Motion of the Earth and Moon; 2. The Sun and other stars

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. apparent movement of the Sun
B. apparent movement of the Moon
C. day
D. night
E. changing shape of Moon
F. seasonal change of Sun

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the basic patterns of the Sun P

Knows the basic patterns of the Moon A

Knows that the Sun appears every day

Knows that the Moon appears sometimes at night

Knows that the Moon appears sometimes during the day

Knows that the Sun appears to move from east to west A

Knows that the Moon appears to move from east to west

Knows that the Moon appears to change shape over a month’s time A

Knows that the Sun’s position in the sky changes throughout the seasons P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,62;CAE,53,54;N1E,133;NSE,78;SE,134;TI,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that the stars are innumerable, unevenly dispersed, and of unequal brightness

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The Sun and other stars

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the stars are innumerable, unevenly dispersed, and of unequal brightness

Vocabulary terms
A. multitude of stars
B. star dispersion
C. star brightness

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the stars are innumerable

Knows that the stars are unevenly dispersed

Knows that the stars are of unequal brightness

Citation Log: BD(2E,62;CAI,54;SI,134)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that plants and animals closely resemble their parents

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that plants and animals closely resemble their parents

Vocabulary terms
A. plant
B. animal
C. parent/offspring similarity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that plants closely resemble their parents

Knows that animals closely resemble their parents

Citation Log: BD(2E,107;CAE,39;IB1I,1.3;NEI,18;NSE,59;SE,129;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of plant or animal

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of plant or animal

Vocabulary terms
A. individual differences
B. plant
C. animal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of plant P

Knows that differences exist among individuals of the same kind of animal P

McREL Activity(s)

Same Yet Different

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,107;CAE,39;NEE,18;NSE,60;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows the basic needs of plants and animals (e.g., air, water, nutrients, light or food, shelter) A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows the basic needs of plants and animals (e.g., air, water, nutrients, light or food, shelter)

Vocabulary terms
A. basic requirements for life
B. plant
C. animal
D. air
E. nutrients
F. light
G. shelter

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that animals require air for life

Knows that animals require water for life

Knows that animals require food for life

Knows that animals require shelter for life

Knows that plants require air for life

Knows that plants require water for life A

Knows that plants require nutrients for life

Knows that plants require light to make food for life

Knows the basic life needs of plants A

10.

Knows the basic life needs of animals

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,111;CAE,28,32;DE,6.1.1;IB1E,1.3,5.12;N1I,132;NEE,18;NSE,57;SE,129;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that plants and animals have features that help them live in different environments

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that plants and animals have features that help them live in different environments

Vocabulary terms
A. plant features
B. animal features
C. habitat

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that plants have features to help them live in different environments

Knows that animals have features to help them live in different environments

McREL Activity(s)

1. Knows that plants and animals need certain resources for energy and growth (e.g., food, water, light, air) A

Citation Log: BD(2E,102,123;CAE,32,34;N1I,132;NEI,18;NSE,60;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that plants and animals need certain resources for energy and growth (e.g., food, water, light, air)

Vocabulary terms
A. plant
B. animal
C. basic requirements for life
D. resources for energy
E. resources for growth
F. light
G. air

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that plants need certain resources for energy

Knows that plants need certain resources for growth A P

Knows that plants need food for energy and growth

Knows that plants need water for energy and growth

Knows that plants need light for energy and growth A P

Knows that plants need air for energy and growth A

Knows that animals need food for energy and growth

Knows that animals need water for energy and growth

Knows that animals need light for energy and growth

10.

Knows that animals need air for energy and growth

11.

Knows that animals need certain resources for growth

12.

Knows that animals need certain resources for energy

McREL Activity(s)

2. Knows that living things are found almost everywhere in the world and that distinct environments support the life of different types of plants and animals A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,119;CAE,28,136,138;DE,5.1.1;IB1E,1.3;NSE,57;TE,45)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Populations and ecosystems

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that living things are found almost everywhere in the world and that distinct environments support the life of different types of plants and animals

Vocabulary terms
A. habitat
B. plant
C. animal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things are almost everywhere

Knows that distinct environments support life of different plants A

Knows that distinct environments support life of different animals

McREL Activity(s)

1. Knows that some kinds of organisms that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared (e.g., dinosaurs, trilobites, mammoths, horsetail trees)

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,116;CAE,28,32,51;IB1I,1.3;NEI,18;NSI,58;SE,129;TE,45)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Earth’s history; 2. Survival and extinction

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that some kinds of organisms that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared (e.g., dinosaurs, trilobites, mammoths, horsetail trees)

Vocabulary terms
A. extinct organism
B. horsetail tree
C. dinosaur
D. trilobite
E. mammoth

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that some organisms that once lived on Earth have disappeared

Knows that dinosaurs no longer exist

Knows that trilobites no longer exist

Knows that mammoths no longer exist

Knows that horsetail trees no longer exist

Citation Log: BD(2E,123;CAE,52;N1I,132;NSE,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that there are similarities and differences in the appearance and behavior of plants and animals

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Diversity and unity among organisms

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that there are similarities and differences in the appearance and behavior of plants and animals

Vocabulary terms
A. similarities among organisms
B. differences among organisms
C. organism appearance
D. organism behavior

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows there are similarities in the appearance of plants

Knows there are similarities in the appearance of animals

Knows there are similarities in the behavior of plants

Knows there are similarities in the behavior of animals

Knows there are differences in the appearance of plants

Knows there are differences in the appearance of animals

Knows there are differences in the behavior of plants

Knows there are differences in the behavior of animals

Citation Log: BD(2E,102;CAE,28;NEI,18;NSE,54,60;SI,158;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that different objects are made up of many different types of materials (e.g., cloth, paper, wood, metal) and have many different observable properties (e.g., color, size, shape, weight) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that different objects are made up of many different types of materials (e.g., cloth, paper, wood, metal) and have many different observable properties (e.g., color, size, shape, weight)

Vocabulary terms
A. material composition of objects
B. observable properties of objects
C. weight

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that different objects are made from different materials

Knows that objects can be made up of paper

Knows that objects can be made up of metal A

Knows that objects can be made up of cloth

Knows that objects can be made up of wood

Knows that objects have different observable properties A

Knows that color is an observable property of objects

Knows that size is an observable property of objects P

Knows that shape is an observable property of objects

10.

Knows that weight is an observable property of objects A P

McREL Activity(s)

2. Knows that things can be done to materials to change some of their properties (e.g., heating, freezing, mixing, cutting, dissolving, bending), but not all materials respond the same way to what is done to them A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,76;CAE,26,30;IB1I,1.3;N1I,132;NEE,16;NSE,31;SE,127;TE,48;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of substances
B. heating
C. freezing
D. mixing
E. cutting
F. dissolving
G. bending

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the properties of materials can be changed

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by heating P

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by freezing A

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by mixing

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by cutting

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by dissolving

Knows the properties of materials can be changed by bending

Knows that not all materials respond the same way to what is done to them A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,76;CAE,32;IB1E,1.3;N1I,132;NEI,16;NSI,32;TE,49)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that the Sun supplies heat and light to Earth A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Energy in the Earth system

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that the Sun supplies heat and light to Earth

Vocabulary terms
A. heat from Sun
B. light from Sun

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Sun supplies heat to the Earth A

Knows that the Sun supplies light to the Earth

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,83;CAE,34,45;IB1I,1.3;NEI,17;NSE,82;TE,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that heat can be produced in many ways (e.g., burning, rubbing, mixing substances together) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that heat can be produced in many ways (e.g., burning, rubbing, mixing substances together)

Vocabulary terms
A. heat production
B. burning
C. rubbing
D. mixing

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that heat can be produced by mixing substances together

Knows that heat can be produced by burning P

Knows that heat can be produced by rubbing things together A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,46;N1E,132;NEI,17;NSE,33;SE,127)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that electricity in circuits can produce light, heat, sound, and magnetic effects

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Electricity and Magnetism; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce light, heat, sound, and magnetic effects

Vocabulary terms
A. electricity
B. circuit
C. light
D. heat
E. sound
F. magnetic effect

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce light

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce heat

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce sound

Knows that electricity in circuits can produce magnetic effects

Citation Log: BD(CAE,46;IB1I,1.4;N1I,132;NSE,34;SE,127;TI,49)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that sound is produced by vibrating objects

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Vibrations and waves

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that sound is produced by vibrating objects

Vocabulary terms
A. production of sound
B. vibration

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that vibrating objects move back and forth rapidly

McREL Activity(s)

Jitterbug and Shake, Rattle, and Vibrate

Citation Log: BD(2E,89;CAE,38,46;N1E,132;NSE,33;SE,127;TE,49;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of light
B. movement of light

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that light always travels from a source A

Knows that we see objects because light strikes them

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,49;IB1E,1.3;N1E,132;NSE,33;SE,127;TI,49,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that magnets can be used to make some things move without being touched

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that magnets can be used to make some things move without being touched

Vocabulary terms
A. magnet
B. motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that some things can be moved without physically touching them

Knows that magnetism is not a physical object, but affects physical objects

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that things can be stopped from falling to the ground

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,38;NSI,31;TI,50;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that things near the Earth fall to the ground unless something holds them up A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Gravity

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that things near the Earth fall to the ground unless something holds them up

Vocabulary terms
A. effect of gravity
B. motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that things can fall to the ground A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,37;NSE,48;TE,50)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to another object or the background A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to another object or the background

Vocabulary terms
A. relative position
B. location

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to another object A P

Knows that the position of an object can be described by locating it relative to the background P

McREL Activity(s)

Which Object Do I See?

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,36;N1I,132;NSE,35;SE,127;TI,50;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that the position and motion of an object can be changed by pushing or pulling

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topics

1. Forces and motion; 2. Position and motion

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that the position and motion of an object can be changed by pushing or pulling

Vocabulary terms
A. change in object’s position
B. change in object’s motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the position of an object can be changed by pushing

Knows that the motion of an object can be changed by pushing

Knows that the position of an object can be changed by pulling

Knows that the motion of an object can be changed by pulling

Citation Log: BD(2E,89;CAE,37;NSE,36;SE,127;TE,50)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that things move in many different ways (e.g., straight line, zigzag, vibration, circular motion)

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that things move in many different ways (e.g., straight line, zigzag, vibration, circular motion)

Vocabulary terms
A. motion
B. straight line motion
C. zigzag motion
D. vibration
E. circular motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that things can move in a circular motion

Knows that things can move in a straight line

Knows that things can move in a zigzag motion

Knows that things can vibrate

Citation Log: BD(2E,89;CAE,125;NSE,29,48)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that scientific investigations generally work the same way in different places and normally produce results that can be duplicated

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific investigations/repeatability

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that scientific investigations generally work the same way in different places and normally produce results that can be duplicated

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific investigation
B. reproducible result

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific investigations generally work same way in different places

Knows that scientific investigations normally produce results that can be duplicated

Citation Log: BD(2E,6)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Understands that a model of something is different from the real thing (e.g., object, event) but can be used to learn something about the real thing

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Understands that a model of something is different from the real thing (e.g., object, event) but can be used to learn something about the real thing

Vocabulary terms
A. model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that a model of something is different from the real thing

Knows that a model of an object is different from the real object

Knows that a model of an event is different from the real event

Knows that a model can be used to learn about a real thing

Knows that a model can be used to learn about a real object

Knows that a model can be used to learn about a real event

Citation Log: BD(2E,268;N1I,133;NSI,113;SE,117)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that learning can come from careful observations and simple experiments

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that learning can come from careful observations and simple experiments

Vocabulary terms
A. observation
B. simple experiment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that learning comes from observations

Knows that learning comes from experiments

McREL Activity(s)

2. Knows that tools (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, balances) can be used to gather information and extend the senses A

Citation Log: BD(2E,10;CAE,35,55;IB1E,5.1;N1I,134,135;NSI,113,114;TI,76;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that tools (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, balances) can be used to gather information and extend the senses

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific tool
B. thermometer
C. magnifier
D. ruler
E. balance
F. information gathering
G. extending the senses

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that tools are used to gather information

Knows that tools are used to extend the senses

Knows that thermometers are used to gather information

Knows that magnifiers are used to gather information

Knows that rulers are used to gather information

Knows that balances are used to gather information A

Knows that thermometers are used to extend the senses A

Knows that magnifiers are used to extend the senses

Knows that rulers are used to extend the senses

10.

Knows that balances are used to extend the senses

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,10;CAE,43,44;IB1I,5.1;N1E,134;NSE,31,113,118;SE,123;TE,49,50;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Makes predictions based on patterns A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 3.

Makes predictions based on patterns

Vocabulary terms
A. pattern based prediction

Knowledge/skill statements

Makes predictions based on given patterns A

Makes predictions based on observed patterns

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(CAE,43; IB2E,20;NSE,118)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that in science it is helpful to work with a team and share findings with others

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level I (Grade K-2)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that in science it is helpful to work with a team and share findings with others

Vocabulary terms
A. teamwork in science
B. communication about science

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that in science it is helpful to work with a team

Knows that in science it is helpful to share findings with others

Citation Log: BD(2E,15;IB1I,5.2;N1I,134;SI,138)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level II (Grade 3-5)

1. Knows that water exists in the air in different forms (e.g., in clouds and fog as tiny droplets; in rain, snow, and hail) and changes from one form to another through various processes (e.g., freezing, condensation, precipitation, evaporation) A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Water in the Earth system; 2. Seasons, weather, and climate

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. forms of water
B. water in the air
C. phase change
D. freezing
E. condensation
F. precipitation
G. evaporation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that water changes from one state to another through various processes A P

Knows that water changes from a gas to either a liquid or a solid through precipitation A

Knows that water changes from a liquid to a solid through freezing A P

Knows that water changes from a gas to a liquid through condensation A P

Knows that water changes from a liquid to a gas through evaporation A P

Knows that water exists in the air in different forms A

Knows that fog is made up of tiny droplets of water

Knows that clouds are made up of droplets of water

Knows that water can exist in the air as snow A

10.

Knows that water can exist in the air as rain

11.

Knows that water can exist in the air as hail

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that the Sun provides the light and heat necessary to maintain the temperature of the Earth

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Energy in the Earth system ; 2. Seasons, weather, and climate

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the Sun provides the light and heat necessary to maintain the temperature of the Earth

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s temperature

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Sun provides the light necessary to maintain the Earth’s temperature

Knows that the Sun provides the heat necessary to maintain the Earth’s temperature

Citation Log: BD(CAE,34,46;N1E,133;NSE,82;SE,134)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that air is a substance that surrounds us, takes up space, and moves around us as wind A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Earth’s atmosphere

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that air is a substance that surrounds us, takes up space, and moves around us as wind

Vocabulary terms
A. characteristic of air
B. air movement

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that air is a substance that surrounds us

Knows that air is a substance that takes up space A

Knows that air moves around us as wind

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,68;CAE,75;IB1E,1.3;NSI,82;TE,51)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows how features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by a combination of slow and rapid processes (e.g., slow processes, such as weathering, erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment caused by waves, wind, water, and ice; rapid processes, such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Characteristics of the Earth system ; 2. Earth’s surface features

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. change in the Earth’s surface
B. Earth process
C. weathering
D. erosion
E. sediment deposition
F. landslide
G. volcanic eruption
H. earthquake

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by slow processes P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by rapid processes P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by weathering A P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by erosion A P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by transport of sediment

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by deposition of sediment

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by wind P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by water P

Knows that features on the Earth’s surface are constantly changed by ice

10.

Knows that landslides cause sudden changes in Earth’s features P

11.

Knows that volcanic eruptions cause sudden changes in the Earth’s features

12.

Knows that earthquakes cause sudden changes in the Earth’s features P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAE,64;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NEI,16;NSE,79;OLE,2c;SE,134;TE,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage and weathering of larger rocks and bedrock A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Rocks, minerals, and soil; 2. Rock cycle

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage and weathering of larger rocks and bedrock

Vocabulary terms
A. rock breakage
B. weathering
C. bedrock

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage of bedrock

Knows that smaller rocks come from the breakage of larger rocks

Knows that smaller rocks come from the weathering of bedrock

Knows that smaller rocks come from the weathering of larger rocks A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAE,42,64;NSI,87)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that rock is composed of different combinations of minerals A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that rock is composed of different combinations of minerals

Vocabulary terms
A. rock composition
B. mineral

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids

Knows that some rocks are composed of one mineral

Knows that some rocks are composed of multiple minerals A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAE,41,63;N1I,133;NSI,80;TI,51)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows the composition and properties of soils (e.g., components of soil such as weathered rock, living organisms, products of plants and animals; properties of soil such as color, texture, capacity to retain water, ability to support plant growth) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the composition of soils

Knows the properties of soils

Knows that weathered rock is a component of soil

Knows that living organisms are a component of soil

Knows that plant products are a component of soil

Knows that animal products are a component of soil

Knows that color is a property of soil

Knows that texture is a property of soil

Knows that the capacity to retain water is a property of soil

10.

Knows that the ability to support plant growth is a property of soil A

McREL Activity(s)

Straight Scoop on Soils, You Dig?

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,72;CAE,42;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NSE,80;TE,51,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and the nature of the environment at that time A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Earth’s history

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and the nature of the environment at that time

Vocabulary terms
A. fossil evidence
B. prehistoric plants
C. prehistoric animals
D. prehistoric environment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fossils provide evidence about plants that lived long ago

Knows that fossils provide evidence about animals that lived long ago A

Knows that fossils provide evidence about the nature of the environment long ago A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,42;IB1I,1.4;N1I,132;NEI,18;NSE,79;SE,134;TE,52)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that night and day are caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

Motion of the Earth and Moon

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that night and day are caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis

Vocabulary terms
A. cause of night
B. cause of day
C. Earth’s rotation
D. Earth’s axis

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that night is caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis

Knows that day is caused by the Earth’s rotation on its axis P

McREL Activity(s)

2. Knows that the Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun and that the Moon orbits the Earth A

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,68;CAI,53;N1I,133;NSE,86;TE,52,67;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. Motion of the Earth and Moon; 2. The Solar System; 3. The Sun and other stars

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun and that the Moon orbits the Earth

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s orbit
B. planet
C. Moon’s orbit

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun A

Knows that the Moon orbits around the Earth A

McREL Activity(s)

3. Knows that the patterns of stars in the sky stay the same, although they appear to slowly move from east to west across the sky nightly and different stars can be seen in different seasons

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,54;IB1E,1.4;N1I,133;NSI,85;TE,52;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. Motion of the Earth and Moon; 2. The universe

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that the patterns of stars in the sky stay the same, although they appear to slowly move from east to west across the sky nightly and different stars can be seen in different seasons

Vocabulary terms
A. constellation
B. star pattern
C. apparent movement of the stars
D. seasonal change in stars

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the patterns of the stars stay the same

Knows that stars appear to move from east to west across the sky nightly

Knows that different stars can be seen in different seasons

McREL Activity(s)

Star Light, Star Bright

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,53;IB1I,1.4;N1I,133;SI,134;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that planets look like stars, but over time they appear to wander among the constellations

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The Solar System

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that planets look like stars, but over time they appear to wander among the constellations

Vocabulary terms
A. apparent movement of the planets
B. star
C. constellation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that planets look like stars

Knows that planets appear to wander among constellations over time

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,53;N1I,133;SI,134)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that astronomical objects in space are massive in size and are separated from one another by vast distances (e.g., many stars are more massive than our Sun but so distant they look like points of light) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. astronomical object
B. outer space
C. astronomical size
D. astronomical distance

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that astronomical objects in space are massive in size

Knows that astronomical objects are separated from one another by vast distances A

Knows that many stars are more massive than our Sun

Knows that many stars are so distant they look like points of light

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,138;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows that telescopes magnify distant objects in the sky (e.g., the Moon, planets) and dramatically increase the number of stars we can see

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 6.

Knows that telescopes magnify distant objects in the sky (e.g., the Moon, planets) and dramatically increase the number of stars we can see

Vocabulary terms
A. telescope
B. planet
C. star

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that telescopes magnify distant objects in the sky

Knows that telescopes increase the number of stars we can see

Knows that telescopes magnify the Moon

Knows that telescopes magnify the planets

Citation Log: BD(2E,63;CAE,54;IB1I,1.4;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that many characteristics of plants and animals are inherited from its parents (e.g., eye color in human beings, fruit or flower color in plants), and other characteristics result from an individual’s interactions with the environment (e.g., people’s table manners, ability to ride a bicycle) A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. organism
B. inherited characteristic
C. parent
D. acquired characteristic

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that some characteristics of plants and animals are inherited from their parents A

Knows that eye color in humans is inherited from parents

Knows that fruit or flower color in plants is inherited from parents A

Knows that some characteristics come from an individual’s interactions with the environment

Knows that a person’s table manners is a characteristic that is acquired from interactions with the environment

Knows that the ability to ride a bicycle is a characteristic that is acquired from interactions with the environment

McREL Activity(s)

It’s All in the Genes

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,107;CAE,39;IB1I,1.4;N1I,132;NEE,18;NSE,54;SE,129;TE,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that plants and animals progress through life cycles of birth, growth and development, reproduction, and death; the details of these life cycles are different for different organisms A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Life cycles

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that plants and animals progress through life cycles of birth, growth and development, reproduction, and death; the details of these life cycles are different for different organisms

Vocabulary terms
A. plant life cycle
B. animal life cycle
C. organism
D. life cycle
E. birth
F. growth
G. development
H. reproduction
I. death

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that plants progress through life cycles A

Knows that animals progress through life cycles A P

Knows that the life cycle includes birth, growth, development, reproduction, and death A

Knows that the details of life cycles are different for different organisms A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,39;IB1E,1.3,1.4;IB2I,25,27;N1I,132;NSE,59;OLI,5e;SE,129;TE,45,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that living organisms have distinct structures and body systems that serve specific functions in growth, survival, and reproduction (e.g., various body structures for walking, flying, or swimming) A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. structure and function in organisms
B. growth
C. survival of organisms
D. reproduction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that organisms have distinct structures that serve specific functions in growth A

Knows that organisms have distinct structures that serve specific functions in survival A P

Knows that organisms have distinct structures that serve specific functions in reproduction A P

Knows that organisms have distinct body structures for walking

Knows that organisms have distinct body structures for flying A

Knows that organisms have distinct body structures for swimming A

Knows that organisms have body systems that serve specific functions in growth A

Knows that organisms have body systems that serve specific functions in survival A

Knows that organisms have body systems that serve specific functions in reproduction A

McREL Activity(s)

Creature Features

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,51;IB2I,27;N1E,132;NSE,60,SE,129;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that the behavior of individual organisms is influenced by internal cues (e.g., hunger) and external cues (e.g., changes in the environment), and that humans and other organisms have senses that help them to detect these cues A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Regulation and behavior

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. behavior
B. organism
C. internal cue
D. external cue
E. change in the environment
F. senses to detect cues

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the behavior of individuals is influenced by internal cues

Knows that hunger is an example of an internal cue

Knows that the behavior of individuals is influenced by external cues A

Knows that changes in the environment are examples of external cues

Knows that humans and other organisms have senses to detect internal and external cues

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,51;IB1I,1.3;N1I,132;NEI,18;SE,129;TE,45,46)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows the organization of simple food chains and food webs (e.g., green plants make their own food with sunlight, water, and air; some animals eat the plants; some animals eat the animals that eat the plants) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Interdependence of organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. food chain
B. food web
C. photosynthetic plants
D. herbivore
E. omnivore
F. carnivore

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the organization of food chains A

Knows the organization of food webs A

Knows that green plants make their own food with sunlight, water, and air A P

Knows that some animals eat plants A

Knows that some animals eat the animals that eat the plants A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,119;CAE,60;IB1E,1.4;NEI,19;NSE,58;OLI,5b;SE,129;TE,46)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that the transfer of energy (e.g., through the consumption of food) is essential to all living organisms A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Matter and energy in living systems

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the transfer of energy (e.g., through the consumption of food) is essential to all living organisms

Vocabulary terms
A. transfer of energy between organisms
B. food consumption
C. organism

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that energy is transferred through the consumption of food A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,119;CAI,46;IB1I,1.3;NSE,56;TE,46)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that an organism’s patterns of behavior are related to the nature of that organism’s environment (e.g., kinds and numbers of other organisms present, availability of food and resources, physical characteristics of the environment) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Relationships between organisms and the environment ; 2. Regulation and behavior

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. organism
B. behavior pattern
C. environmental conditions
D. population density
E. resource availability
F. physical environment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the kinds of organisms present in their environment A

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the number of organisms present in their environment

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the availability of food in their environment

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the availability of resources in their environment

Knows that an organism’s pattern of behavior is related to the physical characteristics of their environment A P

McREL Activity(s)

4. Knows that changes in the environment can have different effects on different organisms (e.g., some organisms move in, others move out; some organisms survive and reproduce, others die) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,116;CAE,51;IB1E,1.3;N1I,132;NEE,18;OLE,5g;SE,129;TE,46,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that changes in the environment can have different effects on different organisms (e.g., some organisms move in, others move out; some organisms survive and reproduce, others die)

Vocabulary terms
A. change in the environment
B. organism
C. survival of organisms
D. reproduction
E. death
F. migration

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that when the environment changes, some organisms survive and reproduce A P

Knows that when the environment changes, some organisms move in

Knows that when the environment changes, some organisms move out

Knows that when the environment changes, some organisms die

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,116;CAE,52;IB1E,1.3,1.4;N1I,132;NEI,18;NSE,58;SE,129;TE,46,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that all organisms (including humans) cause changes in their environments, and these changes can be beneficial or detrimental A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that all organisms (including humans) cause changes in their environments, and these changes can be beneficial or detrimental

Vocabulary terms
A. organism
B. change in the environment
C. beneficial change
D. detrimental change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that all organisms, including humans, cause changes in their environment

Knows that some changes an organism causes in their environment are beneficial

Knows that some changes an organism causes in their environment are detrimental A

McREL Activity(s)

What in the World are You Doing?

Our Changing World

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,51;IB1E,1.3,1.4;N1E,132;NEE,18;NSE,58;OLI,6e,6g;SE,129;TE,46,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that fossils can be compared to one another and to living organisms to observe their similarities and differences

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Diversity and unity among organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that fossils can be compared to one another and to living organisms to observe their similarities and differences

Vocabulary terms
A. grouping organisms
B. prehistoric organism
C. living organism

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fossils can be compared to living organisms of today to observe their similarities and differences

Knows that fossils can be compared to one another to observe their similarities and differences

McREL Activity(s)

Fossil Fun

Citation Log: BD(2E,123;CAE,52;N1E,132;NEE,18;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows different ways in which living things can be grouped (e.g., plants/animals, bones/no bones, insects/spiders, live on land/live in water) and purposes of different groupings A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Classification of organisms

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows different ways in which living things can be grouped (e.g., plants/animals, bones/no bones, insects/spiders, live on land/live in water) and purposes of different groupings

Vocabulary terms
A. purpose of grouping organisms
B. plant/animal grouping
C. bones/no bones grouping
D. insect/spider grouping
E. grouping by habitat

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows different ways that living things can be grouped A

Knows that living things can be grouped into categories such as plants/animals

Knows that living things can be grouped into categories such as bones/no bones A

Knows living things can be grouped into categories such as insects/spiders A

Knows the purpose of different groupings

Knows that living things can be grouped into categories such as live on land/live in water

McREL Activity(s)

One of These Things Is Not Like the Other

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,103;CAI,98;NEE,18;NSI,60;OLI,5a;TE,45;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that matter has different states (i.e., solid, liquid, gas) and that each state has distinct physical properties; some common materials such as water can be changed from one state to another by heating or cooling A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. States of matter; 2. Properties of substances

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. states of matter
B. physical properties of matter
C. solid
D. liquid
E. gas
F. phase change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that matter has different states A P

Knows that matter can be solid

Knows that matter can be liquid

Knows that matter can be gas

Knows that each state of matter has distinct properties A P

Knows that some common materials can be changed from one state to another A P

Knows that water can change from one state to another by heating A P

Knows that water can change from one state to another by cooling A P

McREL Activity(s)

What’s the Matter with You?

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that the mass of a material remains constant whether it is together, in parts, or in a different state A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Conservation of matter and energy

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant whether it is together, in parts, or in a different state

Vocabulary terms
A. conservation of mass
B. states of matter
C. mass

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant when it’s together A P

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant when it’s in parts A

Knows that the mass of a material remains constant when it’s in a different state A P

McREL Activity(s)

3. Knows that substances can be classified by their physical and chemical properties (e.g., magnetism, conductivity, density, solubility, boiling and melting points) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,77;CAE,48-49;IB1I,1.4;IB2E,26;NSE,32;TE,62)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that substances can be classified by their physical and chemical properties (e.g., magnetism, conductivity, density, solubility, boiling and melting points)

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that substances can be classified by physical properties A P

Knows that substances can be classified by chemical properties A

Knows that substances can be classified by magnetism A

Knows that substances can be classified by conductivity A

Knows that substances can be classified by density A P

Knows that substances can be classified by solubility A

Knows that substances can be classified by boiling point

Knows that substances can be classified by melting point

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that magnification tools, such as microscopes, can be used to see more than the eye allows

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,146;IB2I,25;N2I,92;NSE,31;OLI,1e;SE,127;T1E,48;TE,59;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that materials may be composed of parts that are too small to be seen without magnification

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. Properties of substances ; 2. Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that materials may be composed of parts that are too small to be seen without magnification

Vocabulary terms
A. composition of material
B. magnification

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that materials are composed of parts that are extremely small

Knows that the eye itself has a natural limit on the size of material that it can see

McREL Activity(s)

The Huge World of Tiny Things

Citation Log: BD(2E,77;CAE,45;IB2I,26)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that heat is often produced as a byproduct when one form of energy is converted to another form (e.g., when machines and living organisms convert stored energy to motion)

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that heat is often produced as a byproduct when one form of energy is converted to another form (e.g., when machines and living organisms convert stored energy to motion)

Vocabulary terms
A. heat byproduct
B. energy conversion
C. forms of energy
D. machine
E. organism
F. stored energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that heat is produced when living organisms convert stored energy to motion

Knows that heat is produced when machines convert stored energy to motion

Citation Log: BD(2I,84;CAE,45;NSE,34;TI,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that heat can move from one object to another by conduction and that some materials conduct heat better than others A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that heat can move from one object to another by conduction and that some materials conduct heat better than others

Vocabulary terms
A. heat transfer
B. heat conduction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows heat moves from one object to another by conduction A P

Knows that some materials conduct heat better than others A P

McREL Activity(s)

Knows that pitch is the highness or lowness of a sound

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,84;CAE,93;IB2I,25;NSE,31,33;SE,127;TE,49,62)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that light can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that light can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed

Vocabulary terms
A. light reflection
B. light refraction
C. light absorption

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that light can be reflected A

Knows that light can be refracted

Knows that light can be absorbed A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,49-50;IB1I,1.3;N1I,132;NSE,33;SE,127;TE,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that the pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the vibration producing it A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Vibrations and waves

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that the pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the vibration producing it

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of sound
B. pitch
C. frequency of vibration

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that high frequency vibrations produce high sounds A

Knows that low frequency vibrations produce low sounds

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,38;N1I,132;IBPI,91;NSE,33;SE,127;TE,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that magnets attract and repel each other and attract certain kinds of other materials (e.g., iron, steel) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that magnets attract and repel each other and attract certain kinds of other materials (e.g., iron, steel)

Vocabulary terms
A. magnetic attraction
B. magnetic repulsion
C. metal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that magnets can attract other magnets A

Knows that magnets can repel other magnets A

Knows that magnets attract certain kinds of materials

Knows that magnets attract iron

Knows that magnets attract steel

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,26-27;N1E,132;NSE,31;SE,127;T1E,50;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that the Earth’s gravity pulls any object toward it without touching it

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Gravity

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the Earth’s gravity pulls any object toward it without touching it

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s gravity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that gravity is not a physical object, but affects physical objects

Knows that gravity is a property of the Earth

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,37-38;NSE,36;TE,50,67;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that electrically charged material pulls on all other materials and can attract or repel other charged materials

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that electrically charged material pulls on all other materials and can attract or repel other charged materials

Vocabulary terms
A. charged material
B. electrical charge
C. attraction/repulsion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electrically charged material pulls on other materials

Knows that electrically charged material can attract other charged materials

Knows that electrically charged material can repel other charged materials

McREL Activity(s)

All Charged Up!

Citation Log: BD(2E,94;CAE,59;NSE,36)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that an object’s motion can be described by tracing and measuring its position over time

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that an object’s motion can be described by tracing and measuring its position over time

Vocabulary terms
A. measurement of motion
B. position over time

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by tracing its position over time

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by measuring its position over time P

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,37;N1E,132;NSE,35;SE,127)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that when a force is applied to an object, the object either speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that when a force is applied to an object, the object either speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction

Vocabulary terms
A. applied force
B. acceleration
C. deceleration
D. change of direction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that when force is applied to an object, the object might speed up

Knows that when force is applied to an object, the object might slow down

Knows that when force is applied to an object, the object might go in a different direction

Citation Log: BD(2I,89;CAE,37;IB2I,25;NSE,36)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows the relationship between the strength of a force and its effect on an object (e.g., the greater the force, the greater the change in motion; the more massive the object, the smaller the effect of a given force) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. strength of force
B. effect of force on motion
C. effect of mass on force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the more massive an object, the smaller the effect of a given force P

Knows the greater the force, the greater the change in motion A

McREL Activity(s)

Force and Motion

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,89;CAE,37;NSE,36;SI,127)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that although the same scientific investigation may give slightly different results when it is carried out by different persons, or at different times or places, the general evidence collected from the investigation should be replicable by others A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific investigations/repeatability

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. duplicating scientific investigations
B. scientific evidence
C. reproducible result

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the same scientific investigations may give slightly different results when done by different people

Knows that the same scientific investigations may give slightly different results when done at different times A

Knows that the same scientific investigations may give slightly different results when done at different places

Knows that the general evidence collected from investigations should be replicable by others

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,6;NSI,118)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that good scientific explanations are based on evidence (observations) and scientific knowledge

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific explanations

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on evidence (observations) and scientific knowledge

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific explanation
B. scientific evidence
C. scientific knowledge

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on evidence

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on observations

Knows that good scientific explanations are based on scientific knowledge

Citation Log: BD(2E,11;CAE,55;IB1E,5.1;N1I,134;NSE,114,118;PE,33;SE,122,123)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that scientists make the results of their investigations public; they describe the investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that scientists make the results of their investigations public; they describe the investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations

Vocabulary terms
A. scientist
B. making results public
C. replicable investigation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists make the results of their investigations public

Knows that scientists describe investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations

McREL Activity(s)

Trading and Testing

Citation Log: BD(2I,11;IB1I,5.1;N1I,135;SE,123)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that scientists review and ask questions about the results of other scientists’ work

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that scientists review and ask questions about the results of other scientists’ work

Vocabulary terms
A. scientist
B. peer review

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists review the results of other scientists’ work

Knows that scientists ask questions about the results of other scientists’ work

Citation Log: BD(IB1E,5.1;N1I,135;NSI,114;SE,123)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Understands that models (e.g., physical, conceptual, mathematical models, computer simulations) can be used to represent and predict changes in objects, events, and processes A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Understands that models (e.g., physical, conceptual, mathematical models, computer simulations) can be used to represent and predict changes in objects, events, and processes

Vocabulary terms
A. computer simulation
B. conceptual model
C. mathematical model
D. physical model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that models can be used to represent changes in objects

Knows that models can be used to represent changes in events

Knows that models can be used to represent changes in processes

Knows that physical models can be used to represent changes in objects

Knows that physical models can be used to represent changes in events

Knows that physical models can be used to represent changes in processes

Knows that conceptual models can be used to represent changes in objects

Knows that conceptual models can be used to represent changes in events

Knows that conceptual models can be used to represent changes in processes

10.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to represent changes in objects

11.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to represent changes in events

12.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to represent changes in processes

13.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to represent changes in objects

14.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to represent changes in events

15.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to represent changes in processes

16.

Knows that models can be used to predict changes in objects

17.

Knows that models can be used to predict changes in events

18.

Knows that models can be used to predict changes in processes

19.

Knows that physical models can be used to predict changes in objects

20.

Knows that physical models can be used to predict changes in events

21.

Knows that physical models can be used to predict changes in processes

22.

Knows that conceptual models can be used to predict changes in objects

23.

Knows that conceptual models can be used to predict changes in events

24.

Knows that conceptual models can be used to predict changes in processes

25.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to predict changes in objects

26.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to predict changes in events A

27.

Knows that mathematical models can be used to predict changes in processes

28.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to predict changes in objects

29.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to predict changes in events

30.

Knows that computer simulations can be used to predict changes in processes

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,268;N1I,133;NSE,113,118;SE,117;TI,71)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that scientific investigations involve asking and answering a question and comparing the answer to what scientists already know about the world

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that scientific investigations involve asking and answering a question and comparing the answer to what scientists already know about the world

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific investigation
B. question formulation
C. scientific knowledge

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific investigations involve asking questions

Knows that scientific investigations involve answering questions

Knows that scientific investigations involve comparing answers to what scientists already know

Citation Log: BD(2I,11;IB1I,5.1;N1I,134;NEI,13;SE,122,123;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that scientists use different kinds of investigations (e.g., naturalistic observation of things or events, data collection, controlled experiments), depending on the questions they are trying to answer

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. scientist
B. types of investigations
C. naturalistic observation
D. data collection
E. controlled experiment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists may use controlled experiments for investigations depending on the question

Knows that scientists may use naturalistic observation of things for investigations depending on the question

Knows that scientists may use naturalistic observation of events for investigations depending on the question

Knows that scientists may use data collection for investigations depending on the question

Citation Log: BD(2E,11;CAI,102;N1I,135;NSI,118;SE,123;TI,76)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Plans and conducts simple investigations (e.g., formulates a testable question, plans a fair test, makes systematic observations, develops logical conclusions) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Plans and conducts simple investigations (e.g., formulates a testable question, plans a fair test, makes systematic observations, develops logical conclusions)

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific investigation
B. question formulation
C. systematic observation
D. logical conclusion

Knowledge/skill statements

Plans simple investigations A

Conducts simple investigations

Formulates a testable question A

Plans a fair test A

Makes systematic observations A

Develops logical conclusions A

Knows that scientific investigations include formulating a testable question

Knows that scientific investigations include making systematic observations

Knows that scientific investigations include developing logical conclusions

10.

Understands the concept of a testable question

11.

Knows what it means to make a systematic observation

12.

Understands the use of logic in developing conclusions

McREL Activity(s)

4. Uses appropriate tools and simple equipment (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, microscopes, calculators, graduated cylinders) to gather scientific data and extend the senses A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(2I,11;CAE,55,65,78,79;IB1E,5.1;N1E,135;NEI,13;NSI,118;SE,122;TE,76;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 4.

Uses appropriate tools and simple equipment (e.g., thermometers, magnifiers, microscopes, calculators, graduated cylinders) to gather scientific data and extend the senses

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows when the use of a thermometer for data gathering is appropriate

Uses simple equipment to gather scientific data

Uses tools to extend the senses

Uses simple equipment to extend the senses

Uses thermometers to gather scientific data

Uses magnifiers to gather scientific data

Uses microscopes to gather scientific data A

Uses calculators to gather scientific data

Uses graduated cylinders to gather scientific data

10.

Uses thermometers to extend the senses

11.

Uses magnifiers to extend the senses

12.

Uses microscopes to extend the senses

13.

Uses calculators to extend the senses

14.

Uses graduated cylinders to extend the senses

15.

16.

Knows when the use of a magnifier for data gathering is appropriate

17.

Knows when the use of a microscope for data gathering is appropriate

18.

Knows when the use of a calculator for data gathering is appropriate

19.

Knows when the use of a graduated cylinder for data gathering is appropriate

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(CAE,44,65,79;IB1E,5.1,5.19;N1E,134;NEI,14;NSE,118;SE,122,127;TE,49,76;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that scientists’ explanations about what happens in the world come partly from what they observe (evidence), and partly from how they interpret (inference) their observations A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that scientists’ explanations about what happens in the world come partly from what they observe (evidence), and partly from how they interpret (inference) their observations

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific evidence
B. scientific inference

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists’ explanations about what happens in the world come partly from what they observe (evidence) A

Knows that scientists’ explanations about what happens in the world come partly from how they interpret (inference) their observations

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,11;CAE,65;IB1I,5.1,5.11;N1I,134;NSE,118;SI,117,122)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows the reasons why similar investigations may not produce similar results (e.g., differences in the things being investigated, methods being used, uncertainty in the observation)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 6.

Knows the reasons why similar investigations may not produce similar results (e.g., differences in the things being investigated, methods being used, uncertainty in the observation)

Vocabulary terms
A. repeatable investigation
B. replicable investigation
C. observational uncertainty

Knowledge/skill statements

Citation Log: BD(2E,11;CAE,55;SI,122)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that people of all ages, backgrounds, and groups have made contributions to science and technology throughout history

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

People in science

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that people of all ages, backgrounds, and groups have made contributions to science and technology throughout history

Vocabulary terms
A. history of science
B. history of technology
C. scientific contribution
D. technological contribution

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that people of all ages contribute to science

Knows that people of all ages contribute to technology

Knows that people of all backgrounds contribute to science

Knows that people of all backgrounds contribute to technology

Knows that people of all groups contribute to technology

Knows that people of all groups contribute to science

McREL Activity(s)

Scientists of the World

Citation Log: BD(2E,16;IB1I,5.2;N1I,133;SE,138,141)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that although people using scientific inquiry have learned much about the objects, events, and phenomena in nature, science is an ongoing process and will never be finished

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific knowledge

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that although people using scientific inquiry have learned much about the objects, events, and phenomena in nature, science is an ongoing process and will never be finished

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific inquiry
B. ongoing process of science

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that people using scientific inquiry have learned much about objects in nature RI.2.3; RI.3.3

Knows that people using scientific inquiry have learned much about events in nature RI.2.3; RI.3.3

Knows that people using scientific inquiry have learned much about phenomena in nature RI.2.3; RI.3.3

Knows that science is an ongoing process that will never finish RI.2.3

CC = Common Core standards available (Common Core ID indicated)

Citation Log: BD(SE,141)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that scientists and engineers often work in teams to accomplish a task

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level II (Grade 3-5)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that scientists and engineers often work in teams to accomplish a task

Vocabulary terms
A. scientist
B. engineer

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientists work in teams to accomplish a task

Knows that engineers work in teams to accomplish a task

Citation Log: BD(2I,54;IB2I,21;SE,138)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level III (Grade 6-8)

1. Knows the composition and structure of the Earth’s atmosphere (e.g., temperature and pressure in different layers of the atmosphere, circulation of air masses) A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Earth’s atmosphere

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows the composition and structure of the Earth’s atmosphere (e.g., temperature and pressure in different layers of the atmosphere, circulation of air masses)

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere A

Knows the temperature variations in different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere

Knows the pressure variations in different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere P

Knows that air masses circulate in the Earth’s atmosphere P

Knows the structure of the Earth’s atmosphere A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,76;IB2I,27;IBEE,42;NSE,80;PE,80;SE,160;TE,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows the processes involved in the water cycle (e.g., evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface run-off, percolation) and their effects on climatic patterns A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Water in the Earth system; 2. Seasons, weather, and climate

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows the processes involved in the water cycle (e.g., evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface run-off, percolation) and their effects on climatic patterns

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the processes involved in the water cycle A P

Knows the process of evaporation is part of the water cycle

Knows the process of condensation is part of the water cycle

Knows the process of precipitation is part of the water cycle

Knows the process of surface run-off is part of the water cycle P

Knows the process of percolation is part of the water cycle

Knows the effects of the water cycle on climatic patterns A

Knows the effects of condensation on climatic patterns

Knows the effects of evaporation on climatic patterns

10.

Knows the effects of precipitation on climatic patterns

11.

Knows the effects of surface run-off on climatic patterns

12.

Knows the effects of percolation on climatic patterns

McREL Activity(s)

Wading Through the Water Cycle

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,69;CAE,75;IB2E,27;IBBE,110;N2I,93;NSE,83;OLE,1f,3b,3c;PE,82;SE,160;TE,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that the Sun is the principle energy source for phenomena on the Earth’s surface (e.g., winds, ocean currents, the water cycle, plant growth) A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Energy in the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that the Sun is the principle energy source for phenomena on the Earth’s surface (e.g., winds, ocean currents, the water cycle, plant growth)

Vocabulary terms
A. Sun as an energy source
B. role of Sun in Earth phenomena
C. ocean currents
D. water cycle

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Sun is the principle energy source for plant growth

Knows that the Sun is the principle energy source for winds P

Knows that the Sun is the principle energy source for ocean currents P

Knows that the Sun is the principle energy source for the water cycle A

McREL Activity(s)

4. Knows factors that can impact the Earth’s climate (e.g., changes in the composition of the atmosphere; changes in ocean temperature; geological shifts such as meteor impacts, the advance or retreat of glaciers, or a series of volcanic eruptions) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,95;DI,9.3.4;IB2I,27;IBEI,21;N2I,93;NEE,35;NSE,82;PE,84;SE,161;TE,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Seasons, weather, and climate

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. climate change
B. atmospheric composition
C. change in ocean temperature
D. geological shift
E. meteor impact
F. glacial movement
G. effect of volcanoes on climate

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that volcanic eruptions can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

Knows that changes in atmospheric composition can have an impact on the Earth’s climate P

Knows that changes in ocean temperatures can have an impact on the Earth’s climate A P

Knows that geological shifts can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

Knows that meteors can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

Knows that the advance of glaciers can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

Knows that the retreat of glaciers can have an impact on the Earth’s climate

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,69;CAI,112;IB2I,27;IBEE,42,45;N2I,93;NSE,76;SE,160;TI,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows how the tilt of the Earth’s axis and the Earth’s revolution around the Sun affect seasons and weather patterns (i.e., heat falls more intensely on one part or another of the Earth’s surface during its revolution around the Sun) A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Seasons, weather, and climate; 2. Motion of the Earth and Moon

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. tilt of the Earth’s axis
B. Earth’s revolution
C. cause of seasons
D. weather patterns
E. heat intensity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how the tilt of the Earth’s axis affects the seasons A P

Knows how the tilt of the Earth’s axis affects weather patterns P

Knows how the Earth’s revolution around the Sun affects the seasons P

Knows how the Earth’s revolution around the Sun affects weather patterns A

Knows that heat falls more intensely on a specific part of the Earth’s surface during its revolution around the Sun A P

McREL Activity(s)

6. Knows ways in which clouds affect weather and climate (e.g., precipitation, reflection of light from the Sun, retention of heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,69;IB2E,27;N2I,93;NSE,82;PE,89;SE,161;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Seasons, weather, and climate

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Knows ways in which clouds affect weather and climate (e.g., precipitation, reflection of light from the Sun, retention of heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface)

Vocabulary terms
A. effect of clouds on weather
B. effect of clouds on climate
C. sunlight reflection
D. heat retention
E. heat emission

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that clouds affect weather

Knows that clouds affect climate

Knows that clouds affect weather by reflecting light from the Sun

Knows that clouds affect weather through precipitation A

Knows that clouds affect weather through the retention of heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface

Knows that clouds affect climate through precipitation

Knows that clouds affect the climate by reflecting light from the Sun

Knows that clouds affect climate through the retention of heat energy emitted from the Earth’s surface

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,96;IB2I,27;NSI,82;PI,80;SE,160;TI,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Knows that most of Earth’s surface is covered by water, that most of that water is salt water in oceans, and that fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, underground sources, and glaciers A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Water in the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Knows that most of Earth’s surface is covered by water, that most of that water is salt water in oceans, and that fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, underground sources, and glaciers

Vocabulary terms
A. water on Earth’s surface
B. fresh water
C. salt water
D. ocean
E. body of water
F. ground water
G. glacier

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fresh water is found in glaciers A

Knows that most of the Earth’s surface is water A

Knows that most of the Earth’s water is salt water in oceans A

Knows that fresh water is found in rivers

Knows that fresh water is found in lakes

Knows that fresh water is found in underground sources

McREL Activity(s)

Layering Water

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,73;IB1E,1.4;NSE,83;OLE,1a,1e,1g;TE,51,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that the Earth is comprised of layers including a core, mantle, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Characteristics of the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that the Earth is comprised of layers including a core, mantle, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s layers
B. Earth’s core
C. mantle
D. lithosphere
E. hydrosphere
F. atmosphere

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth is comprised of layers A

Knows the center of the Earth contains a core

Knows the mantle is between the core and the crust

Knows the lithosphere is the outer layer of solid Earth

Knows the hydrosphere consists of the water parts of the Earth

Knows the atmosphere is the gas surrounding the Earth

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,68-69;CAE,85;IB2E,27;N2I,93;NSE,81;PI,79-80;SE,159;TE,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows how land forms are created through a combination of constructive and destructive forces (e.g., constructive forces such as crustal deformation, volcanic eruptions, and deposition of sediment; destructive forces such as weathering and erosion) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Characteristics of the Earth system ; 2. Earth’s surface features

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. land form creation
B. geologic force
C. crustal deformation
D. constructive force
E. deconstructive force
F. sedimentation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that a combination of destructive and constructive forces create land forms A P

Knows that crustal deformation is a constructive force

Knows that volcanic eruptions are constructive forces

Knows that deposition of sediment is a constructive force

Knows that weathering is a destructive force

Knows that erosion is a destructive force A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,73;CAE,65;IBEE,28;N2I,93;NSE,87;OLI,1e;PI,86-87;SE,160;TE,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows components of soil and other factors that influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion (e.g., plant roots and debris, bacteria, fungi, worms, rodents) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rocks, minerals, and soil

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows components of soil and other factors that influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion (e.g., plant roots and debris, bacteria, fungi, worms, rodents)

Vocabulary terms
A. components of soil
B. soil fertility
C. erosion resistance

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows components of soil that influence soil texture P

Knows components of soil that influence soil fertility

Knows components of soil that influence soil resistance to erosion A P

Knows that plant roots can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion A

Knows that plant debris can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

Knows that bacteria can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

Knows that fungi can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

Knows that worms can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

Knows that rodents can influence soil texture, fertility, and resistance to erosion

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,73;IBEI,28;NSE,80;PE,85;SI,160;TI,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that the Earth’s crust is divided into plates that move at extremely slow rates in response to movements in the mantle A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Plate tectonics

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that the Earth’s crust is divided into plates that move at extremely slow rates in response to movements in the mantle

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s crust
B. crustal plate movement
C. mantle
D. mid-ocean ridge
E. subduction zone
F. Richter scale
G. Mercalli scale

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth’s crust is divided into plates A

Knows that the Earth’s plates move slowly in response to movements in the mantle A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,86;IBEE,35;N2I,93;NSE,81;OLI,1b;PI,80;SE,160;TI,66)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows processes involved in the rock cycle (e.g., old rocks at the surface gradually weather and form sediments that are buried, then compacted, heated, and often recrystallized into new rock; this new rock is eventually brought to the surface by the forces that drive plate motions, and the rock cycle continues) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Rock cycle

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. rock cycle
B. sedimentation
C. recrystallization
D. geologic force
E. crustal plate movement
F. rock formation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that new rock is brought to the surface by the forces that drive plate motions in the rock cycle

Knows that old rocks weather to form sediment in the rock cycle A

Knows that sediment is buried in the rock cycle

Knows that sediment is compacted in the rock cycle

Knows that sediment is heated in the rock cycle

Knows that sediment is recrystallized into new rock in the rock cycle A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,73;CAI,63,112;IB2I,25;N2I,93;NSE,80;OLI,2a;PE,81;SE,160;TE,66;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows that sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the minerals, temperatures, and forces that created them

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Rocks, minerals, and soil; 2. Rock cycle

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Knows that sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the minerals, temperatures, and forces that created them

Vocabulary terms
A. sedimentary rock
B. igneous rock
C. metamorphic rock
D. geologic force
E. rock formation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the minerals that created them

Knows that sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the temperatures that created them

Knows that sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the forces that created them

Knows that igneous rocks contain evidence of the minerals that created them

Knows that igneous rocks contain evidence of the temperatures that created them

Knows that igneous rocks contain evidence of the forces that created them

Knows that metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the minerals that created them

Knows that metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the temperatures that created them

Knows that metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the forces that created them

Citation Log: BD(2I,73;CAE,63;IB2I,25;NSE,80;OLI,2a,2d;PE,79)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Knows how successive layers of sedimentary rock and the fossils contained within them can be used to confirm the age, history, and changing life forms of the Earth, and how this evidence is affected by the folding, breaking, and uplifting of layers A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Earth’s history; 2. Rock cycle; 3. Natural selection and biological evolution

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. evidence from sedimentary rock
B. fossil in sedimentary rock
C. Earth’s age
D. Earth’s history
E. changing life forms
F. rock layer movement

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how successive layers of sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the age of the Earth

Knows how successive layers of sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the history of the Earth

Knows how successive layers of sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the changing life forms on the Earth

Knows how the folding of rock layers affect the evidence of the Earth’s history

Knows how the breaking of rock layers affect the evidence of the Earth’s history

Knows how the fossils in sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the age of the Earth

Knows how the fossils in sedimentary rocks are used to confirm the history of the Earth A

Knows how the fossils in sedimentary rocks are used to confirm changing life forms on the Earth

Knows how the uplifting of rock layers affects the evidence of the Earth’s history A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,73,246;CAI,112-113;N2I,93;NSE,88;PE,80;TI,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

8. Knows that fossils provide important evidence of how environmental conditions have changed on the Earth over time (e.g., changes in atmospheric composition, movement of lithospheric plates, impact of an asteroid or comet)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Earth’s history

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Vocabulary terms
A. fossil evidence
B. change in environmental conditions
C. atmospheric composition
D. lithosphere
E. crustal plate movement
F. asteroid impact
G. comet impact

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fossils provide evidence of asteroid and comet impacts P

Knows that fossils provide evidence of lithospheric plate movement

Knows that fossils provide evidence of changes in atmospheric composition

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,112-114;N2I,93;NSE,79;PE,80;SE,160)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows characteristics and movement patterns of the planets in our Solar System (e.g., planets differ in size, composition, and surface features; planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits; some planets have moons, rings of particles, and other satellites orbiting them) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The Solar System

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the characteristics of the planets in our Solar System

Knows the movement patterns of the planets in our Solar System A P

Knows that the planets differ in size

Knows that the planets differ in composition

Knows that the planets differ in surface features

Knows that the planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits A P

Knows that some planets have moons orbiting them

Knows that some planets have particle rings orbiting them

Knows that some planets have satellites orbiting them

McREL Activity(s)

Driving through the Solar System

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,64;CAE,139;IB2E,27;IBPI,96;N2E,93;NSE,78;PE,90-91;SI,160;TE,67;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows how the regular and predictable motions of the Earth and Moon explain phenomena on Earth (e.g., the day, the year, phases of the Moon, eclipses, tides, shadows) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

Motion of the Earth and Moon

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows how the regular and predictable motions of the Earth and Moon explain phenomena on Earth (e.g., the day, the year, phases of the Moon, eclipses, tides, shadows)

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s revolution
B. Earth’s rotation
C. year
D. Moon’s phases
E. eclipse
F. tide
G. shadow
H. equinox
I. solstice
J. mean annual temperature

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how the regular motions of Earth explain phenomena on Earth A P

Knows how the regular motions of the Moon explain phenomena on the Earth P

Knows how the predictable motions of the Earth explain phenomena on the Earth

Knows how the predictable motions of the Moon explain phenomena on the Earth

Knows how the motions of the Earth explain the days P

Knows how the motions the Earth explain the years A

Knows how the motions of the Earth and Moon explain the phases of the moon A P

Knows how the motions of the Earth and Moon explain eclipses A P

Knows how the motions of the Earth and Moon explain tides

10.

Knows how the motions of the Earth explain shadows A

McREL Activity(s)

3. Knows characteristics of the Sun and its position in the universe (e.g., the Sun is a medium-sized star; it is the closest star to Earth; it is the central and largest body in the Solar System; it is located at the edge of a disk-shaped galaxy) A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,69;CAE,54;IB2E,27;IBPI,96;N2E,93;NSE,73;PE,83,84;SE,160;TE,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. The Solar System; 2. The Sun and other stars

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. Sun’s characteristics
B. Sun’s position
C. universe
D. Sun’s size
E. celestial body
F. Solar System
G. Milky Way galaxy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows characteristics of the Sun A

Knows the Sun’s position in the universe

Knows the Sun is a medium size star A

Knows the Sun is the closest star to Earth

Knows the Sun is the central body in our Solar System

Knows the Sun is largest body in our Solar System

Knows the Sun is located at edge of a disk-shaped galaxy

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,64;CAE,77;IB1I,1.4;IB2E,27;IBPE,96-97;NSE,78;SI,160;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that gravitational force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and moons in orbit around the planets

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. The Solar System; 2. Gravity

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that gravitational force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and moons in orbit around the planets

Vocabulary terms
A. gravitational force
B. planetary orbit
C. moon orbit
D. trajectory
E. eclipse
F. angular measurement in degrees

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that gravitational forces keep the planets in orbit around the Sun P

Knows that gravitational forces keep moons in orbit around the planets P

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,95;CAE,77,132-133;IB2E,27;IBPE,65;N2I,93;NSE,78;SE,161;TE,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows characteristics and movement patterns of asteroids, comets, and meteors A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The Solar System

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows characteristics and movement patterns of asteroids, comets, and meteors

Vocabulary terms
A. asteroid characteristics
B. comet characteristics
C. meteor characteristics
D. asteroid movement patterns
E. comet movement patterns
F. meteor movement patterns

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the characteristics of asteroids

Knows the characteristics of comets

Knows the characteristics of meteors A

Knows the movement patterns of asteroids P

Knows the movement patterns of comets P

Knows the movement patterns of meteors

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,64;CAE,139;IB2I,27;N2I,93;NSE,147;PE,90;SI,160;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows that the universe consists of many billions of galaxies (each containing many billions of stars) and that incomprehensible distances (measured in light years) separate these galaxies and stars from one another and from the Earth

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. composition of the universe
B. galaxy
C. light year

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the universe consists of billions of galaxies

Knows that incomprehensible distances separate galaxies from one another

Knows that incomprehensible distances separate galaxies from Earth

Knows that galaxies contain many billions of stars

Knows that distances between galaxies and stars are measured in light years

Citation Log: BD(2E,64;CAE,137;IB1E,1.4;IB2I,27;NSE,78;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Knows that the Earth is distinguished from other known celestial bodies in that it is the only planet known to harbor life although similar planets might yet be discovered in the universe

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topics

1. The Solar System; 2. Characteristics of the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Knows that the Earth is distinguished from other known celestial bodies in that it is the only planet known to harbor life although similar planets might yet be discovered in the universe

Vocabulary terms
A. planet
B. unique characteristic of Earth
C. celestial body
D. other life systems in universe

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the Earth is different from other known celestial bodies P

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,68-69;AE,74;CAI,138;NSI,72;PE,95;SE,159;TI,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that reproduction is a characteristic of all living things and is essential to the continuation of a species A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Reproduction

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that reproduction is a characteristic of all living things and is essential to the continuation of a species

Vocabulary terms
A. importance of reproduction
B. characteristic of life
C. continuation of species

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species A

Knows that reproduction is a characteristic of all living things

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,220;IB2I,27;N2I,92;NSE,59;PE,48;SE,157;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that for sexually reproducing organisms, a species comprises all organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Reproduction

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that for sexually reproducing organisms, a species comprises all organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring

Vocabulary terms
A. sexual reproduction
B. species
C. fertility

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that if two different species reproduce, their offspring will not be fertile A

Knows that criteria are established to define and distinguish species

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,104;CAI,114;IB2I,25,27;IBBE,56,59;N2I,92;NEE,35;TI,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Understands asexual and sexual reproduction (e.g., in asexual reproduction, all the genes come from a single parent; in sexual reproduction, an egg and sperm unite and half of the genes come from each parent, so the offspring is never identical to either of its parents; sexual reproduction allows for greater genetic diversity; asexual reproduction limits the spread of disadvantageous characteristics through a species) A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Reproduction

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. asexual reproduction
B. sexual reproduction
C. gene
D. egg
E. sperm
F. offspring
G. genetic diversity
H. species
I. fertilization

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that in asexual reproduction all genes come from a single parent

Understands that in sexual reproduction an egg and sperm unite and half the genes come from each parent A

Understands that in sexual reproduction an offspring will never be identical to either of its parents P

Knows that sexual reproduction allows for greater genetic diversity A

Knows that asexual reproduction limits the spread of disadvantageous characteristics through a species

McREL Activity(s)

Seeing Double

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,108;96-97;CAE,107;IB2E,25,27;IBBI,64-65;N2E,92;NSE,59;PE,48;SE,157;TE,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that hereditary information is contained in genes (located in the chromosomes of each cell), each of which carries a single unit of information; an inherited trait of an individual can be determined by either one or many genes, and a single gene can influence more than one trait A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topics

1. Molecular basis of heredity; 2. Characteristics of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. hereditary information
B. gene
C. chromosome
D. cell
E. inherited trait
F. polygenic trait

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that hereditary information is contained in genes A

Knows that genes are located on the chromosomes of each cell

Knows that each gene carries a single unit of information

Knows that inherited traits can be determined by one or many genes

Knows that a single gene can influence more than one trait

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,108;CAE,104;IB2E,27;IBBE,51;N2I,92;NSE,59:SE,157;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that the characteristics of an organism can be described in terms of a combination of traits; some traits are inherited through the coding of genetic material and others result from environmental factors A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Characteristics of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. characteristic of organisms
B. inherited trait
C. acquired trait

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that characteristics of an organism can be described in a combination of traits

Knows that some traits are inherited through the coding of genetic material A P

Knows that some traits result from environmental factors

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,107;IB2I,27;N2I,92;NSE,59;SE,157;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that all organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental units of life; most organisms are single cells, but other organisms (including humans) are multicellular A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that all organisms are composed of cells, which are the fundamental units of life; most organisms are single cells, but other organisms (including humans) are multicellular

Vocabulary terms
A. cell
B. fundamental unit of life
C. unicellular organism
D. multicellular organism

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that all organisms are composed of cells

Knows that cells are the fundamental units of life A

Knows that most organisms are single cells

Knows that some organisms are multicellular, like humans

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,112;CAE,104;IB2E,26;IBBE,42;NSE,56;PE,47;SE,156;TE,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that cells convert energy obtained from food to carry on the many functions needed to sustain life (e.g., cell growth and division, production of materials that the cell or organism needs) A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that cells convert energy obtained from food to carry on the many functions needed to sustain life (e.g., cell growth and division, production of materials that the cell or organism needs)

Vocabulary terms
A. cellular energy conversion
B. life-sustaining functions
C. cell growth
D. cell division

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that cells convert energy from food for the production of materials necessary for life A

Knows that cells convert energy from food for cell growth A

Knows that cells convert energy from food for cell division

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,112;CAE,105;IB2E,25,27;IBBI,45;N2I,92;NSE,57;SE,156;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows the levels of organization in living systems, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole organisms, ecosystems, and the complementary nature of structure and function at each level A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows the levels of organization in living systems, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole organisms, ecosystems, and the complementary nature of structure and function at each level

Vocabulary terms
A. organization in living systems
B. cell
C. tissue
D. organ
E. organ system
F. whole organism
G. ecosystem
H. digestive system

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the levels of organization in living systems A

Knows that cells form a level of organization within living systems

Knows that tissues form a level of organization within living systems A

Knows that organs form a level of organization within living systems A

Knows that organ systems form a level of organization within living systems

Knows that whole organisms form a level of organization within living systems

Knows that ecosystems form a level of organization within living systems

Knows the complementary nature of structure and function at each level of organization in living systems A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,115;IB2E,27;IBBI,42,56;N2E,92;NSE,52;SE,156;TE,55,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that multicellular organisms have a variety of specialized cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that perform specialized functions (e.g., digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control and coordination, protection from disease) and that the function of these systems affect one another A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that multicellular organisms have specialized cells to perform specialized functions A

Knows that multicellular organisms have tissues to perform specialized functions

Knows that multicellular organisms have organs to perform specialized functions A

Knows that multicellular organisms have organ systems to perform specialized functions A

Knows that digestion is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A

Knows that respiration is a specialized function in a multicellular organisms A

Knows that reproduction is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A

Knows that circulation is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A P

Knows that excretion is a specialized function in multicellular organisms

10.

Knows that movement is a specialized function in multicellular organisms

11.

Knows that control and coordination is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A P

12.

Knows that protection from disease is a specialized function in multicellular organisms A P

13.

Knows that the function of organ systems affects one another

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that organisms have a great variety of body plans A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that organisms have a great variety of body plans

Vocabulary terms
A. structural variance in organisms
B. body plan
C. diversity of life

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that organisms have a body plan A

Knows what a body plan is

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,104;N2I,92;NSI,61;PE,47;SI,158;TI,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows how an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables the organism to obtain and use resources, grow, reproduce, and maintain stable internal conditions while living in a constantly changing external environment A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topics

1. Structure and function in organisms; 2. Regulation and behavior

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. homeostasis
B. resource acquisition by organisms
C. changing external environment

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to obtain resources

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to use resources A

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to grow P

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to reproduce

Knows that an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment enables it to live in a constantly changing environment A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAI,115;IB2E,25;IBBI,63-64,129;N2I,92;NSI,56;PE,48;SE,157;TE,55)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Knows that organisms can react to internal and environmental stimuli through behavioral response (e.g., plants have tissues and organs that react to light, water, and other stimuli; animals have nervous systems that process and store information from the environment), which may be determined by heredity or from past experience A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Regulation and behavior

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Vocabulary terms
A. behavioral response to stimuli
B. plant tissue
C. plant organ
D. animal nervous systems
E. inherited trait
F. acquired trait

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that organisms react to internal stimuli through behavioral response

Knows that organisms react to external stimuli through behavioral response

Knows that an organism’s behavioral response may be determined by heredity

Knows that plants have tissues that react to light P

Knows that plants have tissues that react to water

Knows that plants have tissues that react to stimuli

Knows that plants have organs that react to light

Knows that plants have organs that react to water

Knows that plants have organs that react to stimuli

10.

Knows that animals have a nervous system that processes information from the environment A

11.

Knows that animals have a nervous system that stores information from the environment A

12.

Knows that an organism’s behavioral response may be determined by past experience

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,245;IB2I,26;IBBE,100-102;N2I,92;PI,48;SE,157;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

8. Knows that disease in organisms can be caused by intrinsic failures of the system or infection by other organisms A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Knows that disease in organisms can be caused by intrinsic failures of the system or infection by other organisms

Vocabulary terms
A. disease
B. system failure in organisms
C. infection

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that intrinsic failures of the system can cause disease in organisms

Knows that infection by other organisms can cause disease in organisms A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,116;IBBI,62,77-78;N2I,92;NSI,265;SE,157;TE,58)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

9. Knows that cells use inorganic compounds (e.g., vitamins, minerals, water) to make materials that the cell or organism needs A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Relationships between organisms and the environment

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 9.

Knows that cells use inorganic compounds (e.g., vitamins, minerals, water) to make materials that the cell or organism needs

Vocabulary terms
A. inorganic compound
B. water
C. mineral
D. cellular composition
E. vitamin

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that cells need inorganic compounds to make materials that an organism needs P

Knows that cells need inorganic compounds to make materials that a cell needs

Knows that cells need vitamins to make materials that a cell or organism needs A

Knows that cells need minerals to make materials that a cell or organism needs A

Knows that cells need water to make materials that a cell or organism needs

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,121;IB2I,27;IBBE,46;NSE,57;PE,48;SE,57;TE,58)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that all individuals of a species that exist together at a given place and time make up a population, and all populations living together and the physical factors with which they interact compose an ecosystem

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Populations and ecosystems

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. species
B. population
C. composition of an ecosystem

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that a population is all individuals of a species that exist at the same place and time

Knows that an ecosystem is all populations living together and the physical factors they interact with

Citation Log: BD(2I,117;CAE,61;IB1E,1.4;IB2I,26;IBBE,56;IBEE,18;N2I,92;NEE,35;NSE,52;PE,49;SE,157;TI,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows factors that affect the number and types of organisms an ecosystem can support (e.g., available resources; abiotic factors such as quantity of light and water, range of temperatures, and soil composition; disease; competition from other organisms within the ecosystem; predation) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Populations and ecosystems; 2. Ability to support life

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. carrying capacity
B. species diversity
C. ecosystem
D. abiotic components of ecosystems
E. disease
F. competition
G. predation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the factors that affect the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A P

Knows the factors that affect the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A P

Knows how the available resources affect the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A P

Knows how the available resources affect the types of organisms an ecosystem can support P

Knows abiotic factors that affect the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A

Knows abiotic factors that affect the types of organisms an ecosystem can support

Knows the amount of water affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support

Knows the amount of water affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support

Knows the amount of light affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support

10.

Knows the amount of light affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A

11.

Knows the range of temperatures affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support

12.

Knows the range of temperatures affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A

13.

Knows that soil composition affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A

14.

Knows that soil composition affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support

15.

Knows that disease affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A

16.

Knows that disease affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A

17.

Knows that competition from other organisms affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A

18.

Knows that competition from other organisms affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support A

19.

Knows that predation affects the number of organisms an ecosystem can support A P

20.

Knows that predation affects the types of organisms an ecosystem can support

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows ways in which organisms interact and depend on one another through food chains and food webs in an ecosystem (e.g., producer/consumer, predator/prey, parasite/host, relationships that are mutually beneficial or competitive) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Interdependence of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows ways that organisms interact with one another through food chains

Knows ways that organisms interact with one another through food webs A P

Knows that organisms depend on one another through food chains in ecosystems

Knows that organisms depend on one another through food webs in ecosystems A P

Knows producer/consumer interactions A P

Knows predator/prey interactions A P

Knows parasite/host interactions

Knows relationships that are mutually beneficial in an ecosystem

Knows relationships that are competitive in an ecosystem A

McREL Activity(s)

Broken Chains and Tangled Webs

It’s a Cutthroat World (in Yellowstone)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows how energy is transferred through food webs in an ecosystem (e.g., energy enters ecosystems as sunlight, and green plants transfer this energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis; this chemical energy is passed from organism to organism; animals get energy from oxidizing their food, releasing some of this energy as heat) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Interdependence of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. energy transfer in ecosystems
B. energy transfer through food webs
C. sunlight
D. chemical energy
E. photosynthesis
F. food oxidation
G. release of heat energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that animals release some energy as heat

Knows that energy enters the ecosystem as sunlight A

Knows that green plants transfer light energy through photosynthesis A

Knows that the chemical energy from photosynthesis is passed from organism to organism A P

Knows that animals get energy by oxidizing their food A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,120;CAE,97;IB2E,25;IBBE,57;IBEI,21;N2I,92;NEI,36,37;NSE,34;SE,158;TE,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows how matter is recycled within ecosystems (e.g., matter is transferred from one organism to another repeatedly, and between organisms and their physical environment; the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change) A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topic

Matter and energy in living systems

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. recycling of matter in ecosystems
B. transfer of matter in ecosystems
C. conservation of matter

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the total amount of matter remains constant even if its location changes

Knows that matter is transferred from one organism to another repeatedly

Knows that matter is transferred between organisms and the physical environment A

Knows that the total amount of matter remains constant even if its form changes

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,120;CAE,97;IB2I,25;IBBI,56;IEI,21;N2I,92;NEE,36;NSE,57;PI,50;TE,57;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows basic ideas related to biological evolution (e.g., diversity of species is developed through gradual processes over many generations; biological adaptations, such as changes in structure, behavior, or physiology, allow some species to enhance their reproductive success and survival in a particular environment) A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Natural selection and biological evolution

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that biological adaptations in physiology allow species to enhance survival

Knows that the diversity of species develops through gradual processes over generations

Knows that biological adaptations in structure allow species to enhance survival A

Knows that biological adaptations in behavior allow species to enhance survival

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,124;CAE,109;IB2E,27;IBBE,58-59;N2I,92;NEI,36;NSE,55;SE,158)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that the fossil record, through geologic evidence, documents the appearance, diversification, and extinction of many life forms A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Earth’s history; 2. Natural selection and biological evolution

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that the fossil record, through geologic evidence, documents the appearance, diversification, and extinction of many life forms

Vocabulary terms
A. fossil record
B. geologic evidence
C. emergence of life
D. biological evolution
E. extinction

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that fossils record geologic evidence A

Knows that fossils record the extinction of many life forms

Knows that fossils document the appearance of many life forms

Knows that fossils record the diversification of many life forms

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,124;CAE,113;IB2I,27;N2I,92;NSE,60;SI,158;TE,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Understands the concept of extinction and its importance in biological evolution (e.g., when the environment changes, the adaptive characteristics of some species are insufficient to allow their survival; extinction is common; most of the species that have lived on the Earth no longer exist)

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topics

1. Survival and extinction; 2. Natural selection and biological evolution

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. extinction
B. biological evolution
D. adaptive characteristics
E. species survival

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the concept of extinction

Understands the importance of extinction in biological evolution

Understands that when the environment changes, characteristics of some species do not allow survival P

Understands that extinction is common

Understands that most of the species that have lived on Earth no longer exist

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,111;IBBI,109;IBEI,36;N2I,92;NEI,36;NSE,60;SE,158;TE,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows evidence that supports the idea that there is unity among organisms despite the fact that some species look very different (e.g., similarity of internal structures in different organisms, similarity of chemical processes in different organisms, evidence of common ancestry) A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Diversity and unity among organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. evidence for the unity among organisms
B. internal feature
C. evidence of common ancestry

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows there is evidence of common ancestry among organisms A P

Knows that different organisms have similar internal structures

Knows that different organisms have similar chemical processes

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,110;IB2E,27;IBBE,95-96;N2I,92;NSE,60;SE,158)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows ways in which living things can be classified (e.g., taxonomic groups of plants, animals, and fungi; groups based on the details of organisms’ internal and external features; groups based on functions served within an ecosystem such as producers, consumers, and decomposers) A

Science

Standard 7.

Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life

Topic

Classification of organisms

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. classification of organisms
B. taxonomy
C. taxonomic group
D. internal feature
E. external feature
F. ecological role
G. ecosystem
H. producer
I. consumer
J. decomposer

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that living things can be classified as decomposers

Knows taxonomic groups of plants

Knows taxonomic groups of animals A

Knows taxonomic groups of fungi

Knows that living things can be classified based on the details of their internal features A

Knows that living things can be classified based on the details of their external features A

Knows that living things can be classified based on their function within an ecosystems

Knows that living things can be classified as producers

Knows that living things can be classified as consumers

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,104;CAE,98,110;IB2E,27;IBEI,19;IBBE,59;N2I,92;NSE,60;OLI,5c;PE,47;SI,157-158;TE,46,55;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms, and different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atoms and molecules

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knows that matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms, and different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances

Vocabulary terms
A. composition of matter
B. element
C. atomic arrangement

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that matter is made up of atoms A P

Knows that atoms are tiny particles

Knows that different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,78;CAE,44,48;IB2E,26;NSE,28;PE,64;TE,59;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that elements often combine to form compounds (e.g., molecules, crystals) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Atoms and molecules

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that elements often combine to form compounds (e.g., molecules, crystals)

Vocabulary terms
A. element
B. molecule
C. crystal

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows atoms can combine to form a molecule A

Knows that atoms can combine to form a crystal A

Knows that elements combine to form compounds

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,78;CAE,67;IB2I,26;NSE,31;PE,64,66;SI,154;TE,59;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that states of matter depend on molecular arrangement and motion (e.g., molecules in solids are packed tightly together and their movement is restricted to vibrations; molecules in liquids are loosely packed and move easily past each other; molecules in gases are quite far apart and move about freely) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. States of matter; 2. Atoms and molecules

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. condensation
B. evaporation
C. freezing
D. melting
E. molecular arrangement
F. molecular motion
G. molecules in a solid
H. molecules in a liquid
I. molecules in a gas

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that states of matter depend on molecular arrangement A P

Knows that states of matter depend on molecular motion A P

Knows that the molecules in solids are packed tightly together P

Knows that the movement of molecules in solids is restricted to vibrations

Knows that the molecules in liquids are loosely packed

Knows that the molecules in liquids move easily past each other A

Knows that the molecules in gases are far apart A

Knows that the molecules in gases move about freely P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,78;CAE,135;IB2E,26;IBCE,54;IBPE,52;NSE,31;PE,66;SE,179;TI,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that substances containing only one kind of atom are elements and do not break down by normal laboratory reactions (e.g., heating, exposure to electric current, reaction with acids); over 100 different elements exist A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. element
B. chemical element
C. stability of elements

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that substances containing only one kind of atom are elements A

Knows that elements do not break down by normal laboratory reactions

Knows that elements cannot be broken down by heating

Knows that elements cannot be broken down by exposure to electric current

Knows that elements cannot be broken down by reactions with acids

Knows that over 100 different elements exist

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,78;CAE,49;IB2E,26;NSE,31;SE,154;TI,59)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that many elements can be grouped according to similar properties (e.g., highly reactive metals, less-reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals, almost completely nonreactive gases)

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that many elements can be grouped according to similar properties (e.g., highly reactive metals, less-reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals, almost completely nonreactive gases)

Vocabulary terms
A. grouping of elements
B. properties of elements
C. Alkali metal
D. Alkaline Earth metal
E. Transition metal
F. Halogen
G. Noble gas

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that almost completely nonreactive gases can be grouped together

Knows that highly reactive metals can be grouped together

Knows that less-reactive metals can be grouped together

Knows that highly reactive nonmetals can be grouped together

Citation Log: BD(2E,78-79;CAI,67;IBCE,49-50;NSE,31;SI,154;TE,59)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Understands the conservation of mass in physical and chemical change (e.g., no matter how substances within a closed system interact with one another, the total weight of the system remains the same; the same number of atoms of a single element weighs the same, no matter how the atoms are arranged) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Conservation of matter and energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the conservation of mass in a physical change A P

Understands the conservation of mass in a chemical change A

Understands that no matter how substances interact in a closed system, the total weight remains the same

Understands that the same number of atoms of a single element weighs the same, no matter how the atoms are arranged

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,79;CAE,141;IB2E,26;IBCE,45;N2I,92;NSE,32;PE,61-62;TE,60,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Knows methods used to separate mixtures into their component parts (boiling, filtering, chromatography, screening) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Properties of substances

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Knows methods used to separate mixtures into their component parts (boiling, filtering, chromatography, screening)

Vocabulary terms
A. separation method
B. separating a mixture
C. boiling
D. filtering
E. chromatography
F. screening

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that screening is a method used to separate mixtures into component parts

Knows that boiling is a method used to separate mixtures into component parts A

Knows that filtering is a method used to separate mixtures into component parts A

Knows that chromatography is a method used to separate mixtures into component parts

Knows mixtures are made of parts A

McREL Activity(s)

Candy Chromatography

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,69;IB2I,26;IBCI,112-113;NSI,91;PE,61;SE,154;TE,48,59)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

8. Knows that substances react chemically in characteristic ways with other substances to form new substances (compounds) with different characteristic properties A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topics

1. Chemical reactions ; 2. Properties of substances

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Knows that substances react chemically in characteristic ways with other substances to form new substances (compounds) with different characteristic properties

Vocabulary terms
A. chemical reaction
B. chemical compound

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that chemical reactions may result in the formation of new substances A P

Knows that compounds are made from two of more different substances A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,48,141;IB2E,26;N2I,92;NEI,34;NSE,32;SE,154;TE,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

9. Knows factors that influence reaction rates (e.g., types of substances involved, temperature, concentration of reactant molecules, amount of contact between reactant molecules) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 9.

Knows factors that influence reaction rates (e.g., types of substances involved, temperature, concentration of reactant molecules, amount of contact between reactant molecules)

Vocabulary terms
A. reaction rate
B. effect of temperature on reaction rate
C. concentration of reactants
D. surface area of reactants

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the amount of contact between reactant molecules influences reaction rates A

Knows the types of substances involved in a reaction influence reaction rates A

Knows the temperature of substances involved in a reaction influences reaction rates

Knows the concentration of reactant molecules influences reaction rates

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,78;B2E,111;CAE,210;IBCE,72;PE,63;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

10. Knows that oxidation is the loss of electrons, and commonly involves the combining of oxygen with another substance (e.g., the processes of burning and rusting) A

Science

Standard 8.

Understands the structure and properties of matter

Topic

Chemical reactions

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 10.

Knows that oxidation is the loss of electrons, and commonly involves the combining of oxygen with another substance (e.g., the processes of burning and rusting)

Vocabulary terms
A. oxidation
B. oxygen
C. process of burning
D. process of rusting
E. loss of electrons

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that rusting is an example of oxidation A

Knows that burning is an example of oxidation

Knows that oxidation is the loss of electrons

Knows that oxidation commonly involves the combining of oxygen with another substance A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,78-79;IBCE,61;NSI,40;PE,63;TE,60)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that energy is a property of many substances (e.g., heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules and in radiation; chemical energy is in the arrangement of atoms; mechanical energy is in moving bodies or in elastically distorted shapes; electrical energy is in the attraction or repulsion between charges) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. energy as a property
B. heat energy
C. molecular motion
D. chemical energy
E. atomic arrangement
F. mechanical energy
G. electrical energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electrical energy is in the repulsion between charges

Knows that heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules

Knows that heat energy is in radiation

Knows that chemical energy is in the arrangement of atoms

Knows that electrical energy is in the attraction between charges

Knows that mechanical energy is in moving bodies

Knows that mechanical energy is in elastically distorted shapes A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,85;CAE,93-94;IB2E,25;N2I,92;NSI,33;PI,105-106;SE,155;TI,62)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Understands the law of conservation of energy (i.e., energy cannot be created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Conservation of matter and energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Understands the law of conservation of energy (i.e., energy cannot be created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another)

Vocabulary terms
A. conservation of energy
B. changing forms of energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that energy can change from one form to another A P

Understands that energy cannot be created P

Understand that energy cannot be destroyed P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,85;CAE,163;IB2E,25;IBPE,50;N2I,92;NSE,34;PI,65;SI,155;TI,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that heat energy flows from warmer materials or regions to cooler ones through conduction, convection, and radiation A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Forms of energy; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer materials or regions to cooler ones through conduction, convection, and radiation

Vocabulary terms
A. thermal equilibrium
B. transfer of heat by conduction
C. transfer of heat by convection
D. transfer of heat by radiation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer to cooler materials A

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer to cooler areas through conduction

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer to cooler areas through convection

Knows that heat energy flows from warmer to cooler areas through radiation

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,85;CAE,93;IB2E,25;IBPE,51;N2I,92;NSE,33;PE,107;SI,155;TE,62;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows how the Sun acts as a major source of energy for changes on the Earth’s surface (i.e., the Sun loses energy by emitting light; some of this light is transferred to the Earth in a range of wavelengths including visible light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet radiation) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Energy in the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. Sun as an energy source
B. light emission
C. wavelengths of light
D. visible light
E. infrared radiation
F. ultraviolet radiation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that sunlight is transferred to the Earth in ultraviolet radiation A

Knows that the Sun loses energy by emitting light A

Knows that sunlight is transferred to the Earth in a range of wavelengths

Knows that sunlight is transferred to the Earth in visible light

Knows that sunlight is transferred to the Earth in infrared radiation

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,45,46;DI,1.3.3;PE,65;NSE,33,34;SE,155)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy to produce heat, light, sound, and chemical changes A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Electricity and Magnetism; 2. Energy transfer and entropy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy to produce heat, light, sound, and chemical changes

Vocabulary terms
A. transfer of electrical energy
B. electrical energy
C. chemical change

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electrical circuits transfer electrical energy to produce heat A

Knows that electrical circuits transfer electrical energy to produce light

Knows that electrical circuits transfer electrical energy to produce sound A

Knows that electrical circuits transfer electrical energy to produce chemical changes

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,59;IB2E,25;IBPI,58-59;NSE,34;SE,155;TI,62,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows that most chemical and nuclear reactions involve a transfer of energy (e.g., heat, light, mechanical motion, electricity) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Chemical reactions ; 2. Nuclear reactions and forces; 3. Energy transfer and entropy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Knows that most chemical and nuclear reactions involve a transfer of energy (e.g., heat, light, mechanical motion, electricity)

Vocabulary terms
A. energy transfer in chemical reactions
B. energy transfer in nuclear reactions

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that most chemical reactions involve a transfer of energy A

Knows that chemical reactions can involve a transfer of heat A

Knows that chemical reactions can involve a transfer of light

Knows that chemical reactions can involve a transfer of mechanical motion A

Knows that chemical reactions can involve a transfer of electricity

Knows that most nuclear reactions involve a transfer of energy

Knows that nuclear reactions can involve a transfer of heat

Knows that nuclear reactions can involve a transfer of light

Knows that nuclear reactions can involve a transfer of mechanical motion

10.

Knows that nuclear reactions can involve a transfer of electricity

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,85;CAE,142;IB2E,25;IBCI,55;N2I,92;NSE,34;PE,64;SE,155;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Knows that vibrations (e.g., sounds, earthquakes) move at different speeds in different materials, have different wavelengths, and set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from the source A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Vibrations and waves

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Knows that vibrations (e.g., sounds, earthquakes) move at different speeds in different materials, have different wavelengths, and set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from the source

Vocabulary terms
A. speed of vibration
B. sound vibration
C. earthquake vibration
D. wavelength

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that vibrations move at different speeds in different materials

Knows that sounds move at different speeds in different materials A

Knows that earthquakes move at different speeds in different materials

Knows that vibrations have different wavelengths

Knows that sounds have different wavelengths

Knows that earthquakes have different wavelengths

Knows that vibrations set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from their source

Knows that sounds set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from their source A

Knows that earthquakes set up wave-like disturbances that spread away from their source

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,90;CAE,173-174;IBPI,55;NSE,293;PI,109;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

8. Knows that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, light) have energy and interact with matter (e.g., light scattering) and can transfer energy (e.g., light absorption) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Vibrations and waves ; 2. Energy transfer and entropy; 3. Forms of energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Knows that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, light) have energy and interact with matter (e.g., light scattering) and can transfer energy (e.g., light absorption)

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of waves
B. sound wave
C. seismic wave
D. water wave
E. light wave
F. energy transfer and waves
G. interaction with matter

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that waves have energy P

Knows that waves interact with matter

Knows that sound waves have energy A

Knows that seismic waves have energy

Knows that water waves have energy

Knows that light waves have energy P

Knows that waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter

Knows that sound waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter A

Knows that seismic waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter

10.

Knows that water waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter

11.

Knows that light waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter

12.

Knows that light interacts with matter by scattering A

13.

Knows that light interacts with matter by absorption A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,92;CAE,172;IB2I,25;IBPE,55;N3I,82;NSE,33;SE,180;TI,63;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

9. Knows that only a narrow range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be seen by the human eye; differences of wavelength within that range of visible light are perceived as differences in color

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Forms of energy

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 9.

Vocabulary terms
A. wavelength
B. electromagnetic radiation
C. visible light
D. color of light

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that only a narrow range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be seen by the human eye

Knows that differences in wavelength in the range of visible light are perceived as differences in color

Citation Log: BD(2E,90;CAE,119;IB2I,25;IBPI,74-75;NSI,31;TE,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

10. Knows the organization of a simple electrical circuit (e.g., battery or generator, wire, a complete loop through which the electrical current can pass) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 10.

Knows the organization of a simple electrical circuit (e.g., battery or generator, wire, a complete loop through which the electrical current can pass)

Vocabulary terms
A. electrical circuit
B. battery
C. generator
D. electrical current

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an electrical current needs a complete loop through which to pass A

Knows that a simple electrical circuit can be formed from a battery, wire, and a complete loop A

McREL Activity(s)

Light Bright

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,56;IB2I,25;IBPI,58-59;N1I,132;NSE,34;SE,127;TE,50,63;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

11. Understands the origins and environmental impacts of renewable and nonrenewable resources, including energy sources like fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas) A

Science

Standard 9.

Understands the sources and properties of energy

Topics

1. Environmental issues; 2. Energy in the Earth system

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 11.

Understands the origins and environmental impacts of renewable and nonrenewable resources, including energy sources like fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas)

Vocabulary terms
A. energy
B. fossil fuel
C. renewable energy resources
D. nonrenewable energy resources

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the origins of renewable energy resources A

Understands the origins of nonrenewable energy resources A

Understands the origins of fossil fuels A

Understands the origins of coal

Understands the origins of oil

Understands the origins of natural gas

Understands that coal is a form of nonrenewable energy

Understands that oil is a form of nonrenewable energy A

Understands that natural gas is a form of nonrenewable energy

10.

Understands that coal is a fossil fuel

11.

Understands that oil is a fossil fuel

12.

Understands that natural gas is a fossil fuel

13.

Understands the environmental impacts of renewable energy resources A

14.

Understands the environmental impacts of nonrenewable energy resources A P

15.

Understands the environmental impacts of fossil fuels A

16.

Understands the environmental impacts of coal

17.

Understands the environmental impacts of oil

18.

Understands the environmental impacts of natural gas

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Understands general concepts related to gravitational force (e.g., every object exerts gravitational force on every other object; this force depends on the mass of the objects and their distance from one another; gravitational force is hard to detect unless at least one of the objects, such as the Earth, has a lot of mass) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Gravity

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. gravitational force
B. factors affecting gravitational force

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that gravitational force is hard to detect unless one of the objects has a lot of mass

Understands that every object exerts a gravitational force on every other object A P

Understands that gravitational force depends on the mass of the objects P

Understands that gravitational force depends on the distance between the objects

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,95;CAE,129;IB2I,25,27;IBPI,65-66,79;NSE,36;SI,161;TE,64;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that just as electric currents can produce magnetic forces, magnets can cause electric currents A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Electricity and Magnetism

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that just as electric currents can produce magnetic forces, magnets can cause electric currents

Vocabulary terms
A. electric current
B. magnetic force

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that electric currents can produce magnetic forces A P

Knows that magnets can cause electric currents P

McREL Activity(s)

Electricity and Magnetism

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,95;CAE,58;IBPE,60,72-73;NSI,34;PE,108;TI,63)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that an object’s motion can be described and represented graphically according to its position, direction of motion, and speed A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Position and motion

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that an object’s motion can be described and represented graphically according to its position, direction of motion, and speed

Vocabulary terms
A. graph of motion
B. graphing position
C. graphing direction of motion
D. graphing speed

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by its change in position over time A P

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by its direction of motion

Knows that an object’s motion can be partly described by its speed P

Knows that an object’s change in position over time can be represented graphically P

Knows that an object’s direction of motion can be represented graphically

Knows that an object’s speed can be represented graphically A P

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,125-126;IBPE,47;NSE,35;PI,104;SE,154;TE,64)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Understands effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object’s motion (e.g., if more than one force acts on an object along a straight line, then the forces will reinforce or cancel one another, depending on their direction and magnitude; unbalanced forces, such as friction, will cause changes in the speed or direction on an object’s motion) A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. attraction/repulsion
B. balanced force
C. effect of balanced forces
D. effect of unbalanced forces
E. friction
F. unbalanced force

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the effects of balanced forces on an object’s motion

Understands the effects of unbalanced forces on an object’s motion A

Understands that if more than one force acts on an object along a straight line, they will reinforce or cancel one another depending on their direction and magnitude A P

Understands friction as an unbalanced force that can cause changes in the speed of an object’s motion A P

Understands friction as unbalanced force that can cause changes in the direction of an object’s motion

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that an object that is not being subjected to a force will continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line A

Science

Standard 10.

Understands forces and motion

Topic

Forces and motion

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that an object that is not being subjected to a force will continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line

Vocabulary terms
A. constant speed
B. external force
C. continued motion
D. inertia
E. Newton’s Laws of Motion

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that an object not being subjected to a force will continue to move at a constant speed

Knows that an object not being subjected to a force will continue to move in a straight line A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,90;CAE,78;IB2I,25;IBPE,48;N2I,92;NSE,36;PE,104-105;SE,154;TE,64;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Understands the nature of scientific explanations (e.g., use of logically consistent arguments; emphasis on evidence; use of scientific principles, models, and theories; acceptance or displacement of explanations based on new scientific evidence) A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific explanations

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the displacement of explanations based on new scientific evidence

Understands the use of logically consistent arguments

Understands the emphasis on evidence A

Understands the use of scientific principles

Understands the use of scientific theories

Understands the use of scientific models

Understands the acceptance of explanations based on new scientific evidence

McREL Activity(s)

2. Knows that all scientific ideas are tentative and subject to change and improvement in principle, but for most core ideas in science, there is much experimental and observational confirmation

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2I,7;IB1I,5.1;NSE,113;SE,145,148;TE,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Scientific knowledge

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knows that all scientific ideas are tentative and subject to change and improvement in principle, but for most core ideas in science, there is much experimental and observational confirmation

Vocabulary terms
A. change in scientific ideas
B. experimental confirmation
C. observational confirmation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that all scientific ideas are tentative

Knows that all scientific ideas are subject to change

Knows that all scientific ideas are subject to improvement in principle

Knows that for most core ideas in science, there is much experimental confirmation

Knows that for most core ideas in science, there is much observational confirmation

Citation Log: BD(2I,7;NSI,118;SE,171)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that different models can be used to represent the same thing and the same model can represent different things; the kind and complexity of the model should depend on its purpose A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that different models can be used to represent the same thing and the same model can represent different things; the kind and complexity of the model should depend on its purpose

Vocabulary terms
A. abstract model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that different models can be used to represent the same thing

Knows that the same model can represent different things A

Knows that the kind of the model should depend on its purpose

Knows that the complexity of the model should depend on its purpose

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,269;IB2I,24;N2I,93;NEE,52;NSI,113;SI,117)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that models are often used to think about things that cannot be observed or investigated directly (e.g., processes that occur too slowly, too quickly, on too small a scale, or are too dangerous for direct observation) A

Science

Standard 11.

Understands the nature of scientific knowledge

Topic

Models

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. abstract model

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that models are often used to think about things that cannot be observed directly

Knows that models are often used to think about things that cannot be investigated directly A

Knows that models are often used to think about processes that occur too slowly for direct observation

Knows that models are often used to think about processes that occur too quickly for direct observation

Knows that models are often used to think about processes that occur on too small a scale for direct observation

Knows that models are often used to think about processes that are too dangerous for direct observation

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,269;CAE,124;IB2I,24;N2I,94;NSI,113,118;OLI,7e;TI,71)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that there is no fixed procedure called "the scientific method," but that investigations involve systematic observations, carefully collected, relevant evidence, logical reasoning, and some imagination in developing hypotheses and explanations

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific method
B. relevant evidence
C. logical reasoning
D. hypothesis development
E. explanation of data

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the "scientific method" is not a fixed procedure

Knows that investigations involve systematic observations

Knows that investigations involve carefully collected and relevant evidence

Knows that investigations involve logical reasoning

Knows that investigations involve imagination in developing hypotheses

Knows that investigations involve imagination in developing explanations

McREL Activity(s)

2. Understands that questioning, response to criticism, and open communication are integral to the process of science (e.g., scientists often differ with one another about the interpretation of evidence or theory in areas where there is not a great deal of understanding; scientists acknowledge conflicting interpretations and work towards finding evidence that will resolve the disagreement)

Citation Log: BD(2E,12;IB1E,5.1;IB2I,16;N2I,96;NSI,114,118;SI,148)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific collaboration and communication

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that questioning is integral to the process of science

Understands that an appropriate response to criticism is integral to the process of science P

Understands that open communication is integral to the process of science P

Understands that scientists often differ with one another about the interpretation of evidence in unclear areas

Understands that scientists often differ with one another about the interpretation of theories in unclear areas

Knows that scientists acknowledge conflicting interpretations

Knows that scientists work toward finding evidence that resolves the disagreement

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,7;IB1E,5.1;IB2E,19,23;SE,171)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Designs and conducts a scientific investigation (e.g., formulates hypotheses, designs and executes investigations, interprets data, synthesizes evidence into explanations) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Designs and conducts a scientific investigation (e.g., formulates hypotheses, designs and executes investigations, interprets data, synthesizes evidence into explanations)

Knowledge/skill statements

Designs scientific investigations A P

Conducts scientific investigations A P

Formulates a hypothesis for a scientific investigation

Executes scientific investigations

Interprets data from a scientific investigation A P

Synthesizes evidence into explanations A P

Knows that scientific investigations include formulating a hypotheses A

Knows that scientific investigations include interpreting data

Knows that scientific investigations include synthesizing evidence into an explanation

McREL Activity(s)

Identifies the independent variable in a scientific investigation

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BP(CAE,102,150;IB2E,18,20,23;IB1E,5.1;N2E,96;NEI,29,31;NSE,118;SE,145;TE,77;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Identifies variables (e.g., independent, dependant, control) in a scientific investigation

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Identifies variables (e.g., independent, dependant, control) in a scientific investigation

Vocabulary terms
A. independent variable
B. dependent variables
C. control variables

Knowledge/skill statements

Identifies the dependent variable in a scientific investigation

Identifies the controlled variables in a scientific investigation

Understands the concept of controls in scientific investigations

Understands the concept of variables in scientific investigations

Citation Log: BP(2I,12;CAE,73,150;IB2E,23;NEE,31;NSI,118;SE,145;TI,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Understands why only one variable (independent) can be manipulated at a time and that all other variables must be controlled during the investigation

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Understands why only one variable (independent) can be manipulated at a time and that all other variables must be controlled during the investigation

Vocabulary terms
A. independent variable
B. control variables

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that only one variable (independent) can be manipulated at a time

Knows that most variables must be controlled during an investigation

Citation Log: BD(2E,12;CAI,78;NSE,118;SI,145;TE,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Uses appropriate tools (including computer hardware and software) and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Uses appropriate tools (including computer hardware and software) and techniques to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows what computer hardware and software is appropriate for gathering, analyzing, or interpreting data

Uses tools to analyze scientific data

Uses tools to interpret scientific data

Uses techniques to gather scientific data

Uses techniques to analyze scientific data

Uses techniques to interpret scientific data

Uses computer hardware to gather scientific data

Uses computer hardware to analyze scientific data

Uses computer hardware to interpret scientific data

10.

Uses computer software to gather scientific data

11.

Uses computer software to analyze scientific data

12.

Uses computer software to interpret scientific data

13.

14.

Knows when computer hardware and software is appropriate for gathering, analyzing, or interpreting data

15.

Knows processes involved in the use of computer hardware and software related to scientific investigations

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BP(IBCE,20;IBPE,20;N2I,94;NEI,31;NSE,118;SE,145;TE,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Establishes relationships based on evidence and logical argument (e.g., provides causes for effects) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 7.

Establishes relationships based on evidence and logical argument (e.g., provides causes for effects)

Vocabulary terms
A. using evidence
B. using logic
C. cause and effect

Knowledge/skill statements

Establishes relationships based on evidence A P

Establishes relationships based on logical argument A P

Provides causes for effects A

Understands the relationship between cause and effect A P

Knows what constitutes a logical argument

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BP(CAE,279;IB2E,23;IBCI,21;IBPI,21;N2I,94;NEI,53;NSE,118;SE,145;TE,77)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

8. Evaluates the results of scientific investigations, experiments, observations, theoretical and mathematical models, and explanations proposed by other scientists (e.g., reviewing experimental procedures, examining evidence, identifying faulty reasoning, identifying statements that go beyond the evidence, suggesting alternative explanations) A

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific data collection/analysis/interpretation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 8.

Vocabulary terms
A. experimental procedure evaluation
B. evidence evaluation
C. faulty reasoning
D. statements that go beyond the evidence
E. alternative explanation of data

Knowledge/skill statements

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by reviewing experimental procedures A

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by examining evidence

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by identifying faulty reasoning A

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by identifying statements that go beyond the evidence

Evaluates the results of scientific investigations by suggesting alternative explanations P

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes reviewing experimental procedures A P

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes examining evidence

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes identifying faulty reasoning

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes identifying statements that go beyond the evidence

10.

Knows that evaluating a proposed scientific explanation includes suggesting alternative explanations P

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

9. Knows possible outcomes of scientific investigations (e.g., some may result in new ideas and phenomena for study; some may generate new methods or procedures for an investigation; some may result in the development of new technologies to improve the collection of data; some may lead to new investigations)

Science

Standard 12.

Understands the nature of scientific inquiry

Topic

Scientific investigation

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 9.

Vocabulary terms
A. investigation outcomes
B. scientific innovation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific investigations may lead to new investigations

Knows that scientific investigations may result in new ideas

Knows that scientific investigations may result in new phenomena for study

Knows that scientific investigations may generate new methods for investigations

Knows that scientific investigations may generate new procedures for investigations

Knows that scientific investigations may result in the development of new technologies to improve the collection of data

Citation Log: BD(2I,12;SE,148)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that people of all backgrounds and with diverse interests, talents, qualities, and motivations engage in fields of science and engineering; some of these people work in teams and others work alone, but all communicate extensively with others

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topics

1. People in science; 2. Scientific collaboration and communication

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. science field
B. engineering field

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that people of all backgrounds engage in fields of science

Knows that people of all backgrounds engage in fields of engineering

Knows that people with diverse interests engage in fields of science

Knows that people with diverse interests engage in fields of engineering

Knows that people with diverse talents engage in fields of science

Knows that people with diverse talents engage in fields of engineering

Knows that people with diverse qualities engage in fields of science

Knows that people with diverse qualities engage in fields of engineering

Knows that people with diverse motivations engage in fields of science

10.

Knows that people with diverse motivations engage in fields of engineering

11.

Knows that people work in teams

12.

Knows that people work alone

Citation Log: BD(2I,17;SE,170,171)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that the work of science requires a variety of human abilities, qualities, and habits of mind (e.g., reasoning, insight, energy, skill, creativity, intellectual honesty, tolerance of ambiguity, skepticism, openness to new ideas)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

People in science

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. process of science
B. habits of mind
C. reasoning
D. insight
E. skill
F. intellectual honesty
G. tolerance of ambiguity
H. skepticism
I. openness to new ideas
J. creativity

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the work of science requires a variety of human abilities

Knows that the work of science requires a variety of human qualities

Knows that the work of science requires a variety of human habits of mind

Knows that the work of science requires reasoning P

Knows that the work of science requires insight

Knows that the work of science requires energy

Knows that the work of science requires skill

Knows that the work of science requires creativity

Knows that the work of science requires intellectual honesty

10.

Knows that the work of science requires tolerance of ambiguity

11.

Knows that the work of science requires skepticism

12.

Knows that the work of science requires openness to new ideas

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(IB2I,15,16;SE,170)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows various settings in which scientists and engineers may work (e.g., colleges and universities, businesses and industries, research institutes, government agencies)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

People in science

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 3.

Knows various settings in which scientists and engineers may work (e.g., colleges and universities, businesses and industries, research institutes, government agencies)

Vocabulary terms
A. workplace for scientists
B. workplace for engineers

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows various settings in which scientists may work

Knows various settings in which engineers may work

Knows that scientists may work in colleges or universities

Knows that engineers may work in colleges or universities

Knows that scientists may work in businesses

Knows that engineers may work in businesses

Knows that scientists may work in industries

Knows that engineers may work in industries

Knows that scientists may work in research institutes

10.

Knows that engineers may work in research institutes

11.

Knows that scientists may work in government agencies

12.

Knows that engineers may work in government agencies

Citation Log: BD(2E,17;SE,169)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Understands ethics associated with scientific study (e.g., potential subjects must be fully informed of the risks and benefits associated with the research and their right to refuse to participate; potential subjects must be fully informed of possible risks to community and property)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Ethics in science

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. ethics and science
B. informed subject
C. risk and benefit
D. scientific research
E. right of refusal

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of the possible risks to property

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of the possible risks of research

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of the possible benefits of research

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of their right to refuse to participate

Understands that potential subjects must be fully informed of the possible risks to the community

McREL Activity(s)

Lab Rats

Citation Log: BD(2E,17;IB2I,15;N2I,96;SE,169)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that throughout history, many scientific innovators have had difficulty breaking through accepted ideas of their time to reach conclusions that are now considered to be common knowledge

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topics

1. People in science; 2. Scientific knowledge

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that throughout history, many scientific innovators have had difficulty breaking through accepted ideas of their time to reach conclusions that are now considered to be common knowledge

Vocabulary terms
A. scientific innovation
B. acceptance of ideas

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific innovators have had difficulty breaking through accepted ideas of the time

Knows that some ideas that are now "common knowledge" were not always accepted

Citation Log: BD(2I,19;IPE,77-78;SE,171)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows ways in which science and society influence one another (e.g., scientific knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals think about themselves, others, and the environment; societal challenges often inspire questions for scientific research; social and economic forces strongly influence which science research programs are pursued and funded)

Science

Standard 13.

Understands the scientific enterprise

Topic

Science, technology, and society

Level III (Grade 6-8)

Benchmark 6.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that scientific procedures influence the way individuals think about the environment

Knows that scientific knowledge influences the way individuals think about themselves

Knows that scientific knowledge influences the way individuals think about others

Knows that scientific knowledge influences the way individuals think about the environment P

Knows that societal challenges inspire questions for scientific research

Knows that social forces influence which science research programs are pursued

Knows that social forces influence which science research programs are funded

Knows that economic forces influence which science research programs are pursued

Knows that economic forces influence which science research programs are funded

10.

Knows that scientific procedures influence the way individuals think about themselves

11.

Knows that scientific procedures influence the way individuals think about others

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,7;IB2E,15;N2I,93;NSI,244;SE,169;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

1. Knows how winds and ocean currents are produced on the Earth’s surface (e.g., effects of unequal heating of the Earth’s land masses, oceans, and air by the Sun; effects of gravitational forces acting on layers of different temperatures and densities in the oceans and air; effects of the rotation of the Earth)

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Earth’s atmosphere; 2. Water in the Earth system

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows how winds are produced on the Earth’s surface

Knows how ocean currents are produced on the Earth’s surface

Knows how the unequal heating of the Earth’s land masses by the Sun affects the winds and ocean currents

Knows how the unequal heating of the Earth’s oceans by the Sun affects the winds and ocean currents

Knows how the unequal heating of the Earth’s air by the Sun affects the winds and ocean currents

Knows how gravitational forces acting on layers of different temperatures in the oceans affect the winds and ocean currents

Knows how gravitational forces acting on layers of different temperatures in the air affect the winds and ocean currents

Knows how gravitational forces acting on layers of different densities in the oceans affect the winds and ocean currents

Knows how gravitational forces acting on layers of different densities in the air affect the winds and ocean currents

10.

Knows how the rotation of the Earth affects the winds and ocean currents

Citation Log: BD(2E,70;CAE,74-75;IB2I,27;IBEE,20;N3I,83;NSE,82;OLE,1c;PI,86;SE,189)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Understands heat and energy transfer in and out of the atmosphere and its involvement in weather and climate (e.g., radiation, conduction, convection/advection)

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Earth’s atmosphere; 2. Energy in the Earth system ; 3. Seasons, weather, and climate

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Understands heat and energy transfer in and out of the atmosphere and its involvement in weather and climate (e.g., radiation, conduction, convection/advection)

Vocabulary terms
A. heat transfer in atmosphere
B. energy transfer in atmosphere
C. radiation
D. conduction
E. convection
F. advection

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that weather involves the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere

Understands that climate involves the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere

Understands that weather involves the transfer of heat in and out of the atmosphere

Understands that climate involves the transfer of heat in and out of the atmosphere

Understands radiation’s involvement in weather

Understands radiation’s involvement in climate

Understands conduction’s involvement in weather

Understands conduction’s involvement in climate

Understands convection’s involvement in weather

10.

Understands convection’s involvement in climate

11.

Understands advection’s involvement in weather

12.

Understands advection’s involvement in climate

Citation Log: BD(2E,70;CAE,271;IB2E,27;IBEI,21;N3I,83;NEE,54;NSE,82;OLE,3b,3c;SI,189;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows the major external and internal sources of energy on Earth (e.g., the Sun is the major external source of energy; the decay of radioactive isotopes and gravitational energy from the Earth’s original formation are primary sources of internal energy)

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Energy in the Earth system

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s external energy sources
B. Earth’s internal energy sources
C. radioactive decay
D. radioactive isotope
E. gravitational energy

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the external sources of energy on Earth

Knows the internal sources of energy on Earth

Knows that the Sun is the major external source of energy

Knows that the decay of radioactive isotopes from Earth’s original formation is a major internal source of energy

Knows that gravitational energy from Earth’s original formation is a major internal source of energy

Citation Log: BD(CAI,94-95,274;N3I,83;NSE,82;SE,189;)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows how the evolution of life on Earth has dramatically changed the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere through time (e.g., the presence of one-celled organisms which produced the molecular oxygen in the atmosphere)

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topics

1. Earth’s atmosphere; 2. Natural selection and biological evolution; 3. Earth’s history

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s biological evolution
B. change in atmospheric composition
C. one-celled organism
D. release of oxygen

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the evolution of one-celled organisms produced most of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere

Knows that the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere has changed over time

Citation Log: BD(2I,74;CAE,274;N3I,83;NSE,79;OLI,4a;SE,190)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows the properties that make water an essential component of the Earth system (e.g., its ability to act as a solvent, its ability to remain a liquid at most Earth temperatures) A

Science

Standard 1.

Understands atmospheric processes and the water cycle

Topic

Water in the Earth system

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Knows the properties that make water an essential component of the Earth system (e.g., its ability to act as a solvent, its ability to remain a liquid at most Earth temperatures)

Vocabulary terms
A. properties of water
B. water in the Earth system
C. universal solvent

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that water remains liquid at most Earth temperatures A

Knows that water has the ability to act as a solvent

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAI,75;IBBE,46;N2I,93;NSE,27;OLI,1e;SI,160)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Understands the concept of plate tectonics (e.g., the outward transfer of the Earth’s internal heat and the action of gravitational forces on regions of different density drive convection circulation in the mantle; these convection currents propel the Earth’s crustal plates, which move very slowly, pressing against one another in some places and pulling apart in other places) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Plate tectonics

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. plate tectonics
B. transfer of Earth’s internal heat
C. gravitational force and plate tectonics
D. convection current
E. cause of crustal plate movement

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that the Earth’s crustal plates pull apart in some places and press against one another in other places A

Understands that the outward transfer of the Earth’s internal heat drives convection circulation in the mantle

Understands that gravitational forces on regions of different density drive convection circulation

Understands that convection currents propel the Earth’s crustal plates

Understands that the Earth’s crustal plates move slowly

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,74,248;CAI,260-261;N3I,83;NSE,81;OLI,1b;PE,93-94;SE,189;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows effects of the movement of crustal plates (e.g., earthquakes occur along the boundaries between colliding plates; sea floor spreading occurs where plates are moving apart; mountain building occurs where plates are moving together; volcanic eruptions release pressure created by molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Plate tectonics; 2. Earth’s surface features

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. effect of crustal plate movement
B. plate boundary
C. plate collision
D. sea floor spreading
E. mountain building
F. magma

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that volcanic eruptions release pressure created by molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface P

Knows that earthquakes occur along the boundaries of colliding plates A P

Knows that sea floor spreading occurs where the plates move apart P

Knows that mountain building occurs where plates move together A

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,74;CAE,87;NSE,81;OLI,1b;PE,86-87,93-94;SI,189-190)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that elements exist in fixed amounts and move through the solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and living things as part of geochemical cycles (e.g., carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Biogeochemical cycles

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Knows that elements exist in fixed amounts and move through the solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and living things as part of geochemical cycles (e.g., carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle)

Vocabulary terms
A. geochemical cycle
B. carbon cycle
C. nitrogen cycle
D. fixed amount of elements

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that elements exist on Earth in fixed amounts P

Knows that elements move through the solid Earth as part of geochemical cycles P

Knows that elements move through the oceans as part of geochemical cycles P

Knows that elements move through the atmosphere as part of geochemical cycles

Knows that elements move through living things as part of geochemical cycles P

Knows the carbon cycle is a geochemical cycle P

Knows the nitrogen cycle is a geochemical cycle

McREL Activity(s)

4. Knows that throughout the rock cycle (e.g., formation, weathering, sedimentation, reformation), the total amount of material stays the same as its form changes

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,273;DI,6.4.3;IB2I,25;IBBE,110;N3I,83;NEI,57;NSE,83;OLE,3e;SE,189)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Rock cycle; 2. Conservation of matter and energy

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that throughout the rock cycle (e.g., formation, weathering, sedimentation, reformation), the total amount of material stays the same as its form changes

Vocabulary terms
A. conservation of matter in the rock cycle

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that throughout the formation process of the rock cycle, the amount of material remains the same

Knows that throughout the weathering process of the rock cycle, the amount of material remains the same

Knows that throughout the sedimentation process of the rock cycle, the amount of material remains the same

Knows that throughout the reformation process of the rock cycle, the amount of material remains the same

Citation Log: BD(2E,74;N3I,83;NSI,83;PI,94)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows methods used to estimate geologic time (e.g., observing rock sequences and using fossils to correlate the sequences at various locations; using the known decay rates of radioactive isotopes present in rock to measure the time since the rock was formed) A

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topic

Earth’s history

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. geologic time
B. geologic dating methods
C. rock sequence
D. decay rate
E. radioactive isotope

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the decay rates of radioactive isotopes in rock, which indicate the amount of time since the rock was formed, can be used to estimate geologic time P

Knows that the observation of rock sequences can be used to estimate geologic time P

Knows that the correlation of fossils sequences at various locations can be used to estimate geologic time A P

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows the conditions of Earth that enable it to support life (e.g., force of gravity that enables the planet to retain an adequate atmosphere, intensity of radiation from the Sun that allows water to cycle between liquid and vapor)

Science

Standard 2.

Understands Earth's composition and structure

Topics

1. Characteristics of the Earth system ; 2. Ability to support life

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. Earth’s conditions
B. ability to support life
C. gravity and the atmosphere
D. radiation and the water cycle

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the intensity of radiation from the Sun, which allows water to cycle between liquid and vapor, is a condition of Earth that enables it to support life

Knows that the force of gravity, which enables the retention of an adequate atmosphere, is a condition of Earth that enables it to support life

Citation Log: BD(2E,70;IB2E,27;PI,95;TE,67)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows that although the origin of the universe remains one of the greatest questions in science, current scientific evidence supports the Big Bang theory, which states that between 10 and 20 billion years ago, the entire contents of the universe expanded explosively into existence from a single, hot, dense chaotic mass; our Solar System formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas about 4.6 billion years ago

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. origin of the universe
B. evidence for the Big Bang theory
C. Solar System formation
D. age of the universe

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the origin of the universe is one of greatest questions in science

Knows that scientific evidence supports the "Big Bang" theory

Knows that the Big Bang theory says 10 to 20 billion years ago the universe exploded into existence from a single, hot, dense chaotic mass

Knows that our Solar System formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas about 4.6 billion years ago

Citation Log: BD(2E,65;CAE,252;IB2E,27;IB1E,1.4;IBPE,104;N3I,83;NSE,78;PE,98;SE,190;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows that evidence suggests that our universe is expanding (e.g., the Doppler shift of light from distant galaxies reaching telescopes on Earth suggests that galaxies are moving away from the Earth and provides support for the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. evidence for the expansion of the universe
B. Doppler shift
C. Big Bang theory
D. origin of the universe

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the relationship of the red shift to the "Big Bang" theory of the origin of the universe

Knows that the Doppler shift of light suggests that galaxies are moving away from Earth A

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,92;CAE,259;DI,10.4.9;IBPE,104,107;NSE,85;PE,97-98)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows the ongoing processes involved in star formation and destruction (e.g., stars condense by gravity out of clouds of molecules of the lightest elements; nuclear fusion of light elements into heavier ones occurs in the stars’ extremely hot, dense cores, releasing great amounts of energy; some stars eventually explode, producing clouds of material from which new stars and planets condense) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. star formation
B. star destruction
C. star condensation
D. elements of matter
E. nuclear fusion
F. planet formation

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the ongoing processes involved in star formation

Knows the ongoing processes involved in star destruction

Knows that stars condense by gravity out of clouds of molecules of the lightest elements

Knows that nuclear fusion of light elements into heavier elements occurs in stars’ hot, dense cores

Knows that the nuclear fusion of light elements into heavier elements releases great amounts of energy A

Knows that some stars explode, producing clouds of material from which new stars condense

Knows that some stars explode, producing clouds of material from which new planets condense

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,65;CAE,257;IBPE,106;N3E,83;NSI,33,78;PE,97;SI,190;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows common characteristics of stars in the universe (e.g., types of stars include red and blue giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars; stars differ in size, temperature, and age, but they all appear to be made up of the same elements and to behave according to the same principles; most stars exist in systems of two or more stars orbiting around a common point) A

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Vocabulary terms
A. star characteristics
B. tools of astronomy
C. star size
D. star temperature
E. star age
F. star composition
G. star system

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that most stars exist in systems of two or more stars orbiting around a single point

Knows the different types of stars

Knows the characteristics of red giant stars

Knows the characteristics of blue giant stars

Knows the characteristics of white dwarf stars

Knows the characteristics of neutron stars

Knows that stars differ in size

Knows that stars differ in temperature

Knows that stars differ in age

10.

Knows that all stars appear to be made of the same elements A

11.

Knows that all stars appear to behave according to the same principles

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,65;CAI,257;IBPE,101-102;NSI,84;PE,97)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows ways in which technology has increased our understanding of the universe (e.g., visual, radio, and x-ray telescopes collect information about the universe from electromagnetic waves; space probes gather information from distant parts of the Solar System; mathematical models and computer simulations are used to study evidence from many sources in order to form a scientific account of events in the universe)

Science

Standard 3.

Understands the composition and structure of the universe and the Earth's place in it

Topic

The universe

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Vocabulary terms
A. tools of astronomy
B. types of telescopes
C. electromagnetic wave
D. space probe
E. history of the universe
F. space exploration

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that computer simulations study evidence to form a scientific account of the universe

Knows that visual telescopes collect information about the universe through electromagnetic waves

Knows that radio telescopes collect information about the universe through electromagnetic waves

Knows that x-ray telescopes collect information about the universe through electromagnetic waves

Knows that mathematical models study evidence to form a scientific account of the universe

Knows that space probes get information from distant parts of the Solar System

Citation Log: BD(2E,65;CAE,257;NSE,85;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows the chemical and structural properties of DNA and its role in specifying the characteristics of an organism (e.g., DNA is a large polymer formed from four kinds of subunits; genetic information is encoded in genes as a string of these subunits; each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome and is replicated by a templating mechanism)

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Molecular basis of heredity

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. DNA properties
B. DNA structure
C. role of DNA
D. DNA subunit
E. DNA bases
F. gene encoding
G. DNA replication

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the chemical properties of DNA

Knows the structural properties of DNA

Knows the role of DNA in specifying characteristics of an organism P

Knows that DNA is a large polymer formed from four kinds of subunits

Knows that genetic information is encoded in genes as strings of subunits

Knows that DNA is replicated by a templating mechanism

Knows that each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2I,108;CAE,222;IB2E,26-27;IBBE,48-49;IBCE,94;N3E,82;NSE,54;PI,55;SE,185;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows ways in which genes (segments of DNA molecules) may be altered and combined to create genetic variation within a species (e.g., recombination of genetic material; mutations; errors in copying genetic material during cell division) A

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topics

1. Molecular basis of heredity; 2. Genetic mutation and recombination

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. gene alteration
B. gene combination
C. DNA molecule
D. genetic variation
E. recombination of genetic material
F. genetic mutation
G. DNA replication error

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows ways that genes may be altered to create genetic variation within a species P

Knows ways that genes may be combined to create genetic variation within a species P

Knows that recombination of genetic material can create genetic variation in a species A

Knows that genes are segments of DNA molecules

Knows that mutations can occur when genes are altered and combined

Knows that errors in copying genetic material during cell division can create genetic variation within a species

A = Assessment items available

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAE,230;IB2E,25;IBBE,51,73;N3I,82;NSE,59;PE,55;SE,185;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that new heritable characteristics can only result from new combinations of existing genes or from mutations of genes in an organism’s sex cells; other changes in an organism cannot be passed on

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Genetic mutation and recombination

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. heritable characteristic
B. new gene combination
C. genetic mutation
D. sex cell

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that new heritable characteristics can result from new combinations of existing genes in sex cells

Knows that new heritable characteristics can result from mutations of genes in sex cells

Knows that only changes to genes in the sex cells can be passed on

Citation Log: BD(2E,125;CAI,238;IBBI,51-53;N3I,82;NSE,59;SE,185)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows that mutations and new gene combinations may have positive, negative, or no effects on the organism

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Genetic mutation and recombination

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Knows that mutations and new gene combinations may have positive, negative, or no effects on the organism

Vocabulary terms
A. genetic mutation
B. new gene combination
C. value of characteristics

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that mutations may have positive effects

Knows that mutations may have negative effects

Knows that mutations may have no effect

Knows that new gene combinations may have positive effects

Knows that new gene combinations may have negative effects

Knows that new gene combinations may have no effect

Citation Log: BD(2E,108;CAE,230;IBBI,51;NSE,59;PI,55;SE,185)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Understands the concepts of Mendelian genetics (e.g., segregation, independent assortment, dominant and recessive traits, sex-linked traits)

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topic

Molecular basis of heredity

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Understands the concepts of Mendelian genetics (e.g., segregation, independent assortment, dominant and recessive traits, sex-linked traits)

Vocabulary terms
A. Mendelian genetics
B. segregation
C. independent assortment
D. dominant trait
E. recessive trait
F. sex-linked trait

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands sex-linked traits as a concept of Mendelian genetics

Understands segregation as a concept of Medelian genetics

Understands independent assortment as a concept of Mendelian genetics

Understands dominant traits as a concept of Mendelian genetics

Understands recessive traits as a concept of Mendelian genetics

Citation Log: BD(2I,108,255;CAE,107-108,227;IBBE,52;N2I,92;PE,52,*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Knows features of human genetics (e.g., most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22 chromosomes; in addition, one pair of chromosomes determines sex [XX or XY]; transmission of genetic information to offspring occurs through egg and sperm cells that contain only one representative from each chromosome pair; dominant and recessive traits explain how variations that are hidden in one generation can be expressed in the next)

Science

Standard 4.

Understands the principles of heredity and related concepts

Topics

1. Molecular basis of heredity; 2. Reproduction

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that dominant and recessive traits explain how variations hidden in one generation can show up in the next P

Knows that cells in humans contain two copies of each of 22 chromosomes

Knows that one pair of chromosomes determines sex (XX or XY)

Knows that transmission of genetic information to offspring occurs through egg and sperm cells

Knows that each egg or sperm cell contains only one representative from each chromosome pair

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(CAI,226;IBBE,53;PI,52;SE,185)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows the structures of different types of cell parts (e.g., cell wall; cell membrane; cytoplasm; cell organelles such as the nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, vacuole) and the functions they perform (e.g., transport of materials, storage of genetic information, photosynthesis and respiration, synthesis of new molecules, waste disposal) A

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the structures of different cell parts A

Knows the structure of the cell wall

Knows the structure of the cell membrane

Knows the structure of cytoplasm

Knows the structure of cell organelles

Knows the structure of the nucleus A

Knows the structure of chloroplasts

Knows the structure of the mitochondrion

Knows the structure of the Golgi apparatus

10.

Knows the structure of vacuoles

11.

Knows the functions of different cell parts

12.

Knows how cell parts transport materials

13.

Knows how cell parts store genetic information

14.

Knows how cell parts perform photosynthesis

15.

Knows how cell parts perform respiration

16.

Knows how cell parts perform synthesis of new molecules

17.

Knows how cell parts perform waste disposal

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(2E,113;CAE,222-223;IB2E,27;IBBE,42-45;N3E,82;PE,51;SE,184;TE,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Understands the chemical reactions involved in cell functions (e.g., food molecules taken into cells are broken down to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules; enzymes facilitate the breakdown and synthesis of molecules)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Vocabulary terms
A. chemical reaction in cells
B. cell function
C. breakdown of food molecules
D. synthesis of new molecules
E. enzyme

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that enzymes facilitate the synthesis of molecules

Understands that food molecules in cells are broken down to provide chemical constituents to synthesize other molecules

Understands that enzymes facilitate the breakdown of molecules

McREL Activity(s)

3. Understands the processes of photosynthesis and respiration in plants (e.g., chloroplasts in plant cells use energy from sunlight to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy-rich organic compounds and release oxygen to the environment) A

Citation Log: BD(CAE,222;IB2I,27;IBBI,46-50;N3I,82;NSE,57,61;PI,51;SE,184,186;TE,56)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. process of photosynthesis
B. process of respiration
C. chloroplast
D. carbon dioxide
E. synthesis of organic compounds
F. release of oxygen

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the process of photosynthesis in plants A P

Understands the process of respiration in plants P

Knows that chloroplasts use sunlight energy to combine carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds A

Knows that chloroplasts in plant cells release oxygen

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows how cell functions are regulated through changes in the activity of the functions performed by proteins and through the selective expression of individual genes, and how this regulation allows cells to respond to their environment and to control and coordinate cell growth and division

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topics

1. Structure and function in cells; 2. Regulation and behavior

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 4.

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that cell functions are regulated through changes in the activity of functions performed by proteins

Knows that cell functions are regulated through the selective expression of individual genes

Knows how regulation of cell functions allows cells to respond to their environment

Knows how regulation of cell functions allows cells to control cell growth and division

Citation Log: BD(2I,114;CAE,222;IBBI,47-49,66-69;N3I,82;NSE,56;SE,184)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

5. Knows that the complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the organism

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 5.

Knows that the complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the organism

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for obtaining matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for transforming matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for transporting matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for releasing matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for eliminating matter used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for obtaining energy used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of the organism accommodates the need for transforming energy used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for transporting energy used to sustain the organism

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for releasing energy used to sustain the organism

10.

Knows that the complexity of an organism accommodates the need for eliminating energy used to sustain the organism

11.

Knows that the organization of the organism accommodates the need for obtaining matter used to sustain the organism

12.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for transforming matter used to sustain the organism

13.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for transporting matter used to sustain the organism

14.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for releasing energy used to sustain the organism

15.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for eliminating matter used to sustain the organism

16.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for obtaining energy used to sustain the organism

17.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for transforming energy used to sustain the organism

18.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for transporting energy used to sustain the organism

19.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for releasing energy used to sustain the organism

20.

Knows that the organization of an organism accommodates the need for eliminating energy used to sustain the organism

Citation Log: BD(CAI,222;IB2I,27;IBBI,61-65;N3I,82;NSI,57;SE,186)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

6. Understands the processes of cell division and differentiation (e.g., meiosis, mitosis, embryo formation, cellular replication and differentiation into the many specialized cells, tissues, and organs that comprise the final organism; each cell retains the basic information needed to reproduce itself)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topics

1. Structure and function in cells; 2. Reproduction

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 6.

Vocabulary terms
A. cell division
B. cell differentiation
C. meiosis
D. mitosis
E. embryo formation

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that each cell retains the information needed to reproduce itself

Understands the process of cell division

Understands the process of cell differentiation

Understands the process of meiosis

Understands the process of mitosis

Understands the process of embryo formation

Understands the process of cellular replication

Understands the process of differentiation into specialized cells

Understands the process of differentiation into tissues

10.

Understands the process of differentiation into organs

Citation Log: BD(2E,109;CAE,105,225;IB2E,27;IBBE,45,51-52;NSE,56;PE,52,56;SE,184;TI,56;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

7. Knows the structures of proteins (e.g., long, usually folded chain molecules made of specific sequences of amino acids coded by DNA) and the role of proteins in cell function

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in cells

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 7.

Knows the structures of proteins (e.g., long, usually folded chain molecules made of specific sequences of amino acids coded by DNA) and the role of proteins in cell function

Vocabulary terms
A. protein structure
B. amino acid sequence
C. DNA
D. protein synthesis
E. cell function

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the role of proteins in cell function

Knows that proteins are long, folded chain molecules made of specific sequences of amino acids

McREL Activity(s)

8. Understands the structure and functions of nervous systems in multicellular animals (e.g., nervous systems are formed from specialized cells that conduct signals rapidly through the long cell extensions that make up nerves; nerve cells communicate with each other by secreting specific excitatory and inhibitory molecules) A

Citation Log: BD(2E,114;CAE,214;IBBE,46-47,49,67-69,91-92;IBCI,91-92;N3I,82;NSE,56;PE,55;SE,184;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Structure and function in organisms

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 8.

Vocabulary terms
A. structure and function of nervous systems
B. multicellular animals
C. neuron
D. neurotransmitter
E. cellular communication
F. excitatory molecule
G. inhibitory molecule

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands the structure of nervous systems in multicellular animals

Understands the function of nervous systems in multicellular animals

Understands that nervous systems are formed from specialized cells

Understands that nervous systems’ cells conduct signals through cell extensions that make up nerves A

Understands that nerve cells communicate by secreting excitatory molecules

Understand that nerve cells communicate by secreting inhibitory molecules

A = Assessment items available

Citation Log: BD(CAE,245-246;IBBE,103;N3I,82;NSI,56;SE,187)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows the categories of biological molecules (i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids) and their functions within cells

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 1.

Knows the categories of biological molecules (i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids) and their functions within cells

Vocabulary terms
1. categories of biological molecules
2. functions of biological molecules within cells

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that proteins are biological molecules

Knows that nucleic acids are biological molecules

Knows that carbohydratese are biological molecules

Knows that lipids are biological molecules

Knows the functions of proteins in cells

Knows the functions of nucleic acids in cells

Knows the functions of carbohydrates in cells

Knows the functions of lipids in cells

Citation Log: BD(KE,46;TX2,17)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Understands the role of ATP in energy coupling transfer

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 2.

Understands the role of ATP in energy coupling transfer

Vocabulary terms
1. energy coupling transfer
2. ATP structure
3. ATP hydrolysis
4. ATP synthesis

Knowledge/skill statements

Understands that coupled reactions require an energy-releasing reaction and an energy-consuming reaction to occur at nearly the same time

Knows that ATP is made in the mitochondria

Knows that all cells require ATP to do work

Knows the reactants and products of ATP synthesis

Knows the reactants and products of ATP hydrolysis

Citation Log: BD(KE,47;TX2E,18)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that while all cells share basic features, they can be categorized into two major types (i.e., prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 3.

Knows that while all cells share basic features, they can be categorized into two major types (i.e., prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

Vocabulary terms
1. prokaryotic cell
2. eukaryotic cell

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows the characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Knows the characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Knows that prokaryotes and eukaryotes share basic features

Citation Log: BD(KE,46-47,TX2E,17)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

4. Knows how membrane structure influences permeability (e.g., diffusion, osmosis, transport involving specialized membrane proteins)

Science

Standard 5.

Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms

Topic

Level V (Grade (College Readiness))

Benchmark 4.

Knows how membrane structure influences permeability (e.g., diffusion, osmosis, transport involving specialized membrane proteins)

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that cellular membranes are made of phospholipids and proteins

Knows how the structure of membranes allows for diffusion

Knows how the structure of membranes allows for osmosis

Knows how the structure of membranes allows for active and passive transport

Knows how proteins in the cellular membrane facilitate transport

Citation Log: BD(KE,47;TX2E,17)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

1. Knows how the interrelationships and interdependencies among organisms generate stable ecosystems that fluctuate around a state of rough equilibrium for hundreds or thousands of years (e.g., growth of a population is held in check by environmental factors such as depletion of food or nesting sites, increased loss due to larger numbers of predators or parasites)

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Interdependence of organisms; 2. Populations and ecosystems

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 1.

Vocabulary terms
A. interrelationships among organisms
B. equilibrium of ecosystems
C. population growth
D. environmental factor
E. predator population
F. parasite population

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that interrelationships among organisms generate stable ecosystems

Knows that interdependencies among organisms generate stable ecosystems

Knows that stable ecosystems fluctuate around a state of equilibrium for hundreds of years

Knows that population growth is held in check by environmental factors

Knows that population growth is held in check by the depletion of food

Knows that population growth is held in check by the depletion of nesting sites

Knows that population growth is held in check by an increased number of predators

Knows that population growth is held in check by an increased number of parasites

Citation Log: BD(2E,117;CAE,235-236;IBBE,109;IBEI,23;N3I,82;NEI,56;NSE,58,70;PI,54;SE,186;TI,57)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

2. Knows how the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the availability of matter and energy and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Populations and ecosystems

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 2.

Knows how the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the availability of matter and energy and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials

Vocabulary terms
A. limiting carrying capacity
B. ecosystem’s ability to recycle

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the availability of matter

Knows that the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the availability of energy P

Knows that the amount of life an environment can support is limited by the ability of that ecosystem to recycle material

P = Performance expectation(s) available based on source documents

Citation Log: BD(2E,121;CAE,236;IBBE,108;IBEE,22,23;N3I,82;NEE,57;OLI,5g;PI,54;SE,186;*)

Citation reference BD = benchmark, declarative BP = benchmark, procedural BC = benchmark, contextual 1st letter/number of each code in parentheses:
*	McREL Report
2	Project 2061: Benchmarks for Science Literacy
CA	CDE: Science Framework for California Public Schools
CB	College Board Standards for College Success
DoD	Department of Defense curriculum for Prekindergarten science
FR	France: Pre-Elementary School Program
H	Headstart Child Outcomes Framework
IB1	International Baccalaureate: Primary Years Programme curriculum documents
IB2	International Baccalaureate: Middle Years Program Sciences Guide
IBB	International Baccalaureate: Biology
IBC	International Baccalaureate: Chemistry
IBE	International Baccalaureate: Environmental Systems and Societies Guide
IBP	International Baccalaureate: Physics
IL	Illinois Early Learning Standards
K	Standards for Success
L	Louisana Pre-Kindergarten Content Standards
MH	McGraw-Hill: Pre-Kindergarten Standards: Guidelines for Teaching and Learning
N1	New Standards: Elementary School
N12	NAEP: Released items for grade 12
N2	New Standards: Middle School
N3	New Standards: High School
N4	NAEP: Released items for grade 4
N8	NAEP: Released items for grade 8
NE	National Environmental Education Standards
NS	Science Assessment & Item Specifications for 2009 NAEP, Prepub. Ed.
NZ	New Zealand Early Childhood Curriculum
OL	Ocean Literacy: The essential principles of ocean sciences
P	Pearsall: NSTA: The Content Core
R	Russia: Beginnings: The Fundamentals of Preschool Education
S	NRC: National Science Education Standards
T	TIMSS: Assesment framework for Science
T1	TIMSS: Released items for Population 1 (grade 4)
T2	TIMSS: Released items for Population 2 (grade 8)
T3	TIMSS: Released items for the final year of secondary school (grade 12)
TX1	Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines for Science
TX2	Texas College and Career Readiness Standards
UK	United Kingdom: Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning
2nd letter code : E = Explicitly stated in document I = Implicit in document Number: Page number of the cited document

3. Knows that as matter and energy flow through different levels of organization in living systems and between living systems and the physical environment, chemical elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen) are recombined in different ways A

Science

Standard 6.

Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment

Topics

1. Matter and energy in living systems; 2. Biogeochemical cycles

Level IV (Grade 9-12)

Benchmark 3.

Vocabulary terms
A. flow of matter
B. flow of energy
C. levels of organization in living systems
D. recombination of chemical elements
E. carbon
F. nitrogen

Knowledge/skill statements

Knows that matter flows through different levels of organization in living systems A P

Knows that matter flows through different levels of organization between living systems and the physical environment

Knows that energy flows through different levels of organization in living systems

Knows that energy flows through different levels of organization between living systems and the physical environment

Knows that in the flow of matter and energy through different levels of organization, chemical elements are recombined in different ways

Knows that carbon and nitrogen are recombined in different ways as matter and energy flow through different levels of organization A P

McREL Activity(s)